Joffrey Ballet Essay Example for Free

Joffrey Ballet EssayWhen school is out, dance students have more time to dedicate to training. Choosing a summertimetime intense program of study can be a challenge, though. How do you know if the program you argon considering is a practiced fit for you? Dance Informa communicate with faculty from The Joffrey Academy, Cary Ballet Conservatory, Straz, Jr. Center for the playacting Arts Next Generation and Patel Conservatorys Dance Department to learn more most what constitutes a great summer program and how you can be prepared to get the most from your experience. What should a student look for in a summer intensive program? Deanna Seay, Ballet Mistress, Cary Ballet Conservatory In looking at a summer intensive, each student pauperisations to evaluate his or her own goals. Does the student necessitate a program where the focus allow for be on improving technique? Is the student at an age when he/she wants to be considered potential company material? Does the student want an experience focused on one discipline, or does he/she want to use the summer to broaden his/her horizons? Defining these goals can help to narrow the possibilities.A student wanting to improve a lot can look for smaller programs where they impart be able to receive personal attention as well as a place that provides many hours of instruction. Those on the verge of professional careers will want to find company related programs. Students wishing to broaden their horizons can look for programs that offer classes in a wide number of dance styles. Students taste Patel Conservatorys Next Generation Ballet Summer intensive. Photo by Bill Kraulter. incision Stark, Artistic Director of the David A. Straz, Jr.Center for the Performing Arts Next Generation and chair of thePatel Conservatorys Dance Department Students should look for 1. Training. The school should demonstrate a history of training dancers well. add on their website for recent graduates that are dancing professionally. 2 . A schedule that keeps a young dancer busy and working hard. More classes will increase cogency and technique. 3. A focus on the type of dance a student wants to study (concert dance, modern, jazz) with a sampling of other styles for diversity. 4. A performing and/or rehearsing opportunity.As a performance art, in dance it is important to learn new dances and to get on stage. Alexei Kremnev, Artistic Director, and Amanda McAlpine, Communications Associate, Joffrey Academy and Community Engagement, The Joffrey Ballet Students should evaluate the quality of a summer intensive program by its faculty members (their experience and background), brand recognition (affiliation with professional company), variety of classes provided, performance opportunities, spot and length of program. What are the advantages to training locally or going out of state? Peter Stark A family must decide how far they want to choke for a summer program. in that location is an expense with increased distan ce.Summer programs can offer a great sampling of an area for future employment. There are many excellent programs worldwide that will improve a young dancer both near and far. Do check out the protection of the city, school and dormitory to determine if it meets the family needs. Also, ask about transportation for the students during the program. Students at the Joffrey Ballet Summer Intensive Deanna Seay The most obvious advantage to staying local is the orifice of staying at home while attending the session, or at least being close to home, which can be comforting to both parents and students attending embarkment programs the root time.As long as students have access to local programs that provide the number of classes they need, there isnt really a need to travel far at a young age. Once students reach high school age and are more mature, going out of state becomes an excerption parents might feel more comfortable with. That being said, there will always be those young studen ts who have the talent and maturity for an out-of-state experience at eleven or twelve. What advice do you have for those taking summer intensive auditions? Alexei Kremnev and Amanda McAlpine It is important to be as prepared as possible.Check the programs website for any headshots or photos needed, audition fee and attire requirements. If it is possible to pre-register online, it will save you time during the day of the audition. During the audition, do your best and keep a dogmatic location. If you excel in a particular area or step, be sure to stand in front or go in the first group. If you are not as strong in other areas, you may want to wait to go in the second group. Regardless, always look nice and smile. The judges may not realize that you may have made a mistake because they are concentrating on watching many other dancers too.Peter Stark Always dress neat in a dress code. Do not wear any warm-up shorts, skirts or jewelry. Have a head shot and dance photo (arabesque is good) available even if not specifically requested in the audition announcement. Have a positive attitude and try your best. Often schools are looking for potential, not accomplishment. If a combination isnt perfect, thats okay as long as you gave it a good try with a happy demeanor. Try to likewise pick up any nuance when the teacher is demonstrating the combination. What accents are they using in the music?How are they holding their hands and head? Be open to change and to trying something new. Deanna Seay PAY ATTENTION TO THE DETAILS Watch everything the teacher does when demonstrating a combination and list to everything the teacher may say. These details are part of what the teacher will be trying to teach the student, so the students need to prove that they are responsive, loose and truly interested. Some teachers will be very specific about where students stand and how they enter or exit the dancing space and it is important to check and adhere to their wishes.When changi ng groups, students need to walk into formation quickly and place themselves immediately in the starting position. Students should appear neatly dressed. Female ballet students need to wear pink tights and a conservatively colored leotard. Black is traditional and the best choice. Men need to wear the traditional black tights and white t-shirt, which needs to be tucked in. Absolutely under no circumstances should the student wear any sort of cover-ups. Shoes, whether flat shoes or pointe shoes, need to be properly sewn and all drawstrings, ribbons and elastics should be tied and tucked out of sight.Hair should be securely pulled away from the face in a bun, French twist or other practical, yet attractive, shape. What does a summer intensive cost? Students at Cary Ballet Conservatorys Intensive Summer Training Program. Deanna Seay Families with students wishing to attend a five-week summer ballet intensive will need to prepare to spend about $5,000 for tuition, room and board. A few smaller programs may cost $1,000-2,000 less. Many programs offer financial aid and scholarships, so it is good to ask. Peter Stark.On average most ballet summer intensive programs run about $1,000 per week, including tuition, room and board. However, this can vary greatly and many full and partial scholarships can offset some of that cost. What benefits, past from technical and artistic, are there to attending a summer dance intensive? Peter Stark Hearing the same correction from a different teacher can open a young dancers perspective greatly. Of course, each teacher also has new information that can improve a dancer technically and artistically. Summer programs also pool talent from smaller schools.Students learn from each other and being surrounded by talent can be motivational and create lasting connections through ones performance career. Many dancers enter the field professionally at 18 and it is a turgid adjustment to be away from home. A summer program can start to prepar e a dancer to be self-sufficient and strong in a new setting. Deanna Seay Aside from the artistic and technical improvement that is often seen during intense summer ballet sessions (attributed to the concentration of class hours), students have a come up to meet other like-minded students and make new friends.The student can become re-inspired by seeing himself/herself in a new setting. These summer programs also expose the student to other students from other schools, and can help the student identify where she stands in relation to her peers. Alexei Kremnev and Amanda McAlpine Attending a summer dance intensive helps a dancer grow and mature in many ways. Often times, students form lasting friendships, make valuable connections, gain confidence and widen their perspectives. taken from the Dance Magazine.

George Orwell Essay Example for Free

George Orwell EssayA comparison between Dickens hard times Orwells 1984 I am writing about 2 unuseds that seem to come across as very distinguishable. Orwells novel portraying a nightmarish image of his opinionated future of Britain. Where as Dickens novel attains a vision to represent Victorian education over 150 years ago. twain of these storylines dehumanise and dictate a society, some(prenominal) of very different kinds. Charles Dickens and George Orwells novels differ in the recreation of the society and in the plot of the actual storyline. The innocence of the children and the bleak severity of the head teacher is what dickens focuses on to display his thoughts of Victorian schools. In which Orwell depicts a society where everything is bleak and distraught and dictated by a soulless party, BIG BROTHER. Further to a greater extent twain novels were written at totally different generations, Dickens being the Victorian times and Orwells being the mid nineteen hundreds. Despite all these exserts that divide the novels isolated they seem to come across as very similar.Within closer inspection of the novels they seem to twain control and authorise their societies. Orwell has used an empowering character as his leader he has created a party lead by BIG BROTHER. Where as in Dickens approach to create a leader he has used a less excessive and extreme character called Mr Gradgrind, the head teacher who only implicates facts. Although he may not be as demanding as Orwells approach, he uses satire to dissolve the pupils mentality. Both of these characters apply a very dominating attitude towards there audience and offer them no thought and identity. young woman number 20 6079 Smith Both authors have produced an atmosphere where people who are commanded by them, are clarified as mindless objects rather than individuals with an imagination. This strips them bulge out to nothing notwithstanding factorised minds in one case, and an imagination that hardl y existed in Orwells novel. In an extract from Hard times, the author disembowels the imagination of the students and use the idea of Morgiana the 40 thieves. Not unlike Morgiana looking into all the vessels ranged before him This gives an idea of Mr Gradgrind pouring the facts from his factorised mind, into the students damaged imagination. This compares with Orwells approach, where BIG BROTHER brutally demolishes the entire imagination and thought, as they proceed in a decayed dystopia. An additional contrast linking the novels together is, the stern and domineering party in both societies. The BIG BROTHER party emphasises the issue of them surveying the society of the party members and this is persistently repeated in the novel.In which Mr Gradgrind constantly stresses the importance of facts and crushes the childrens minds, until they grasp the significance of facts. In this life, we want nothing but facts, sir nothing but facts BIG BROTHER IS WATCHING YOU These two quotatio ns illustrate the emphasis and constant repetition of the parties. The author uses these effects to not only get the picture imprinted in the mind of the characters, but also into the readers. Furthermore, the BIG BROTHER party in Orwells novel, links very well with Dickens criticizing character, Mr Gradgrind.These two characters both contrast and appear as very similar in personality and in appearance. They both are displayed with a face that jolts the reader, and creates in their imagination a daunting and depressing figure. The black-moustachioed face gazed down while the tail eyes looked into Winstons own While his eyes found commodious cellarage in two dark caves, over shadowed by the wall The first quotation is Orwell showing his opinion of BIG BROTHER gazing with fear, and this compares extremely well with dickens attempt to create the same sort of atmosphere.Dickens expresses more scarce by using a metaphor to show his view of a leader, he also goes into more detail about t he bold figure of Mr Gradgrind. Not only do they link well in appearance, but also in attitude towards their society. Both seem to dictate, and show immense power on the regulations of their own society. In conclusion, I feel that both authors have created a society and atmosphere that both link together and show many similarities.Although they may well both show differences, they dont even compare with the shear amount of evidence that link the novels together. separately author has created authority, control and power to create an atmosphere that can dictate a whole society. In this case the societies are very alike and the looking of speech used by each author is much the same. In my opinion, these two novels equally portray a society that can create a vision for the reader to see a glimpse of the past or what may be a glimpse of the future.

Literature Review: Looked After Children

Literature Review Looked After ChildrenLooked by and by children is the legislative term for children and green people in public c be introduced in the 1989 Children Act and accepts children who argon subject to supervision and live with family members as well as looked after and accommodated children who live with foster carers or in re fountntial schooldayss or care homes. (stinting Executive cc7) The Children (Scotland) Act 1995 adopted the term looked after, taking a lead from the earlier Children Act 1989 in England and Wales, because the expression in care had construct pejorative and stigmatising. (Connelly, Seibelt and Furniv all 2008) These children have a right to expect to achieve the same educational outcomes the Government want for every child -to develop the knowledge, skills and attributes they will motivating if they are to succeed in life, learning and survey, now and in the future. (Scottish Executive 2004 to date) (Department For Children, Schools And Famili es 2010)To allow LAC to achieve these outcomes victoryfully, local authorities as corporate parents (meaning the drawal and local partnerships needed between all local authority departments and services, and associated agencies, who are responsible for dissembleing together to meet the needs of looked after children and young people) should demonstrate the strongest dedication to helping every child to achieve the highest educational standards he or she possibly can. (Scottish Executive 2007)Looked after children and young people face many barriers to their success in education. We take these children into care to improve their life chances, though some do well, despite the difficulties faced in other aspects of their lives, the educational achievement of looked after children as a group remains unacceptably low. (Department For Children, Schools And Families 2010) (Scottish Executive 2007)(Connelly and Chakrabarti 2008) (Department For Children, Schools And Families 2009)(Coul ling 2000) circuit board 1 shows both(prenominal)(prenominal) information about the expected levels for nigh children at disparate school stages and also a comparison between the assessed levels for looked after children and non-looked after children nationally in 2003. This information has only been make available publicly erstwhile and is no longer collected as a result of the developments associated with Curriculum for Excellence. The table shows clearly the overall low achievement of looked after pupils compared with their non-looked after peers.Table 1 National Assessment Data 2003 (Scottish Government 2004)School stageLevel attainedEnglish ReadingEnglish ReadingEnglish opusEnglish WritingMathsMathsNot LACLACNot LACLACNot LACLACP2A or above52%29%42%20%76%57%P3A or above88%74%85%69%95%89%P4B or above81%56%75%50%79%52%P5B or above92%73%88%64%92%73%P6C or above86%59%75%40%80%46%P7D or above73%34%60%20%69%24%However, as stated by the Scottish Government, this information is n ot complete. It only contains information from ii thirds of local authority areas. Lack of complete info on Looked after Children is an issue spoken about frequently in articles and reports. (Jacklin, Robinson, and Torrance 2006)However, it is believed that the overall trends, which show a widening of the attainment gap between children who are and are not looked after, with each school stage, are accurate.The companionable Exclusion Units report A Better Education for Children in Care (2003) identified vanadium key reasons why looked after children underachieve in educationtheir lives are characterised by instabilitythey spend too much time out of schoolthey do not have sufficient help with their education if they fall behindprimary carers are not expected or equipped to forget sufficient support and encouragement for learning and development andthey have unmet emotional, mental and physical health needs that impact on their educationThese reasons are reflect in other reports (Scottish Executive date unknown)(Scottish Government 2008)(Connelly, Seibelt and Furnivall 2008) but these also suggest that some LAC face so many difficulties in their lives that schooling seems to be of low priority to them and to the agencies providing support. They suggest that schooling is also often given insufficient priority when making and surveiling care plans.Despite the common perception in society that children in care are simply uninterested in learning, the vast majority (97 per cent) consider education important, with nearly two-thirds (61 per cent) giving future affair as the reason8. Many enjoy school, with around a third (35 per cent) identifying specific subjects or learning as their favourite aspect. (Social Exclusion Unit 2003) The stigma of macrocosm looked after can cause isolation, low self-esteem, difficulty in making friends, and bullying. Frequent moves of placement and school disrupt education. Difficult life events can move concentration and the a bility to make relationships. School can, potencely, be a very good and consistent experience for a looked after child or young person. (Scottish Executive date unknown)The children and young people themselves invariably joint that education and educational attainment are important to them. They understand that how well they do at school with have an impact in their achievements in adulthood. (Scottish Government 2008)However, not all children in care have good experiences of school.They are 10 generation more likely than others to be permanently excluded from school.Over a third say they have been excluded at some point.Six out of 10 say they have been bullied at school compared to roughly one in six of all children.One in eight missed five or more weeks schooling in 2001-2. (Social Exclusion Unit 2003)We believe the current levels of educational attainment can be transformed if the carcass is changed so that the joint efforts of all those who care about the learning of these c hildren can have their maximum effect. (Department For Children, Schools And Families 2009)Executive, S., 2007. Looked after Children Young People We can and must do Better.(Scottish Executive 2004 to date)Department For Children, S.A.F., 2010. Promoting the educational Achievement of Looked After Children Statutory Guidance for Local Authorities,Connelly, G. Chakrabarti, M., 2008. Improving the educational experience of children and young people in public care a Scottish perspective. International Journal of Inclusive Education, 12(4), pp.347-361Department For Children, S.A.F., 2009. Improving the Educational Attainment of Children in care ( Looked after Children ) Attainment of Children in Care ( Looked after Children ),Social Exclusion Unit, 2003. Social Exclusion Unit Report A better education for children in care.,Scottish Executive (date unknown) About looked after children. http//www.lookedafterchildrenscotland.org.uk/about/index.asp accessed on 7th October 2010Scottish G overnment, 2008. Count Us In. Improving the Education of our Looked after Children.,Scottish Government (2004) Childrens Social Work Statistics 2003-04. Available online at http//www.scotland.gov.uk/Publications/2004/10/20121/45478 accessed eleventh January 2011Connelly, G., Seibelt, L. Furnivall, J., 2008. Glasgow Project Report Supporting Looked After Children and Young People at School A Scottish Case Study. Assessment.Jacklin, A., Robinson, C. Torrance, H., 2006. When lack of data is data do we really know who our lookedafter children are? European Journal of Special Needs Education, 21(1), pp.1-20.Coulling, N., 2000. Definitions of Successful Education for the Looked After Child a Multi-agency Perspective. Support for Learning, 15(1), pp.30-35.Therapies for crabby person intercession An AnalysisTherapies for Cancer Treatment An AnalysisImmunotherapyBetter understanding of the biology of cancer cells has led to the development of biologic agents that mimic some of the in dwelling types that the dust uses to control cell harvest-time. Clinical trials have shown that this cancer workment, calledbiological response modifier (BRM) therapy,biologic therapy,biotherapy, orimmunotherapy, is effective for several(prenominal) cancers. Some of these biologic agents, which occur naturally in the body, can now be made in the lab. Examples are interferons, interleukins, and other cytokines. These agents imitate or influence the natural tolerant response of the body. By altering the cancer cell growth or by acting indirectly to help healthy cells control the cancer.One of the around exciting applications of biologic therapy has come from identifying certain tumour targets, called antigens, and aiming an antibody at these targets. This method was first use to find tumors and diagnose cancer and more recently has been employ to treat cancer cells. Scientists produce monoclonal antibodies that are specifically targeted to chemical components of cancer cells. Refinements to these methods, using recombinant DNA technology, have improved the effectiveness and decreased the side effects of these treatments. The first therapeutic monoclonal antibodies, rituximab (Rituxan) and trastuzumab (Herceptin) were approved during the late 1990s to treat lymphoma and breast cancer, respectively. Monoclonal antibodies are now routinely apply to treat certain cancers.Scientists are also studying vaccines that boost the bodys immune response to cancer cells. For instance, a 2009 lymphoma study looked at personalized vaccines made from tissue from each patients tumor. Encouraging results showed that patients who received the vaccine lived longer disease-free than those who did not.In 2010, the FDA approved Sipuleucel-T (Provenge), a cancer vaccine for metastatic hormone-refractory prostatic cancer (prostate cancer that has mobilise and is no longer responding to hormone treatment). Unlike a preventive vaccine, which is given to prevent disease, Proveng e boosts the bodys immune systems ability to attack cancer cells in the body. This treatment helps certain men with prostate cancer live longer, though it does not cure the disease.Targeted therapyUntil the late 1990s nearly all drugs used in cancer treatment (with the exception of hormone treatments) worked by killing cells that were in the process of replicating their DNA and dividing to form 2 new cells. These chemotherapy drugs also killed some normal cells but had a greater effect on cancer cells.Targeted therapies work by influencing the processes that control growth, division, and break up of cancer cells, as well as the signals that cause cancer cells to die naturally (the way normal cells do when they are damaged or old). Targeted therapies work in several ways.Growth signal inhibitorsGrowth factors are hormone-like substances that help to tell cells when to grow and divide. Their role in fatal growth and repair of hurt tissue was first recognized in the 1960s. Later it w as realized that abnormal forms of growth factors or abnormally high levels of growth factors contribute to the growth and spread of cancer cells. Researchers also started to understand how cells recognize and respond to these factors, and how that can lead to signals inside the cells that cause the abnormal features found in cancer cells. Changes in these signal pathways have also been identified as a cause of the abnormal behaviour of cancer cells.During the 1980s, scientists found that many of the growth factors and other substances responsible for recognizing and responding to growth factor are actually products of oncogenes. Among the earliest targeted therapies that block growth signals are trastuzumab (Herceptin), gefitinib (Iressa), imatinib (Gleevec), and cetuximab (Erbitux). Current research has shown great promise for treatments in some of the more fiendishly and hard-to-treat forms of cancer, such as non-small cell lung cancer, advanced kidney cancer, and glioblastoma. Second-generation targeted therapies, like dasatinib (Sprycel) and nilotinib (Tasigna), have already been found to produce faster and stronger responses in certain types of cancer and were better tolerated.Angiogenesis inhibitorsAngiogenesis is the domain of new blood vessels. The term comes from 2 Greek words angio, meaning blood vessel, and genesis, meaning beginning. Normally, this is a healthy process. New blood vessels, for instance, help the body heal wounds and repair damaged tissues. But in a person with cancer, this same process creates new, very small blood vessels that give a tumor its own blood supply and allow it to grow.Anti-angiogenesis agents are types of targeted therapy that use drugs or other substances to stop tumors from making the new blood vessels they need to keep growing. This sentiment was first proposed by Judah Folk man in the early 1970s, but it wasnt until 2004 that the first angiogenesis inhibitor, bevacizumab (Avastin), was approved. Currently used to treat advanced colorectal, kidney, and lung cancers, bevacizumab is being analyse as treatment for many other types of cancer, too. Many new drugs that block angiogenesis have become available since 2004.Apoptosis-inducing drugsApoptosis is a natural process done which cells with DNA too damaged to repair such as cancer cells can be forced to die. Many anti-cancer treatments (including radiation and chemotherapy) cause cell changes that at last lead to apoptosis. But targeted drugs in this group are different, because they are aimed specifically at the cell substances that control cell survival and death.Novel Approaches for Cancer TreatmentLiposomes Liposomes were first introduced by Bangham in 1965 and afterwards became the most popular and versatile tool in controlled and targeted drug delivery.Since liposomes were first described 45 years agone 19 they have gained interests for a multifariousness of applications including drug delivery 20.Liposomes used for drug delive ry are usually about 100 nm in surface and are made up of a single bilayer. As liposomes comprise an aqueous core sealed off by a PL tissue layer both hydrophilic and lipophilic drugs can be accommodated in their respective compartments 18.Liposomes consist of spherical lipid bilayers that can be produced from phospholipids and cholesterol. Liposomes can encapsulate a variety of molecules, such as small drug molecules, proteins and many other bioactive(s). These vesicles are generally considered as biodegradable and imperceptibly immunogenic,and can also be used for a large number of biomedical applications. Recently, DOX and fluoxetine encapsulated liposomes have been reported to be effective formulation against drug-resistant MCF-7 cells. It was observed that liposomes significantly stiffend tissue bio dispersal of anticancer agents with improvedcytotoxicity. Liposomes are simple colloidal vesicles with an aqueous interior enclosed by a membrane usually make up of phospholipid (PL) molecules. PLs, the major components of biological membrane are amphiphilic compounds with a polar head group and lipophilic acyl chains. PLs can be classified according to type of polar head group, bufflehead acid chain length and degree of saturation.When bilayer forming PLs are dispersed in aqueous media they will spontaneously align themselves in a manner to reduce interactions between the polar media and the hydrophobic fatty acid chains. Consequently, bilayer structures, i.e. liposomes, may be formed. Liposomes may consist of one or more bilayers (lamellae) and of sizes ranging from tens of nanometres to tens of micrometres in diameter. For a review see 17. Liposomes are broadly classified into small unilamellar vesicles (SUV) single bilayer, size 10 100 nm), large unilamellar vesicles (LUV) single bilayer, size 100 1000 nm), multilamellar vesicles (MLV), several bilayers, size 100 nm 20 um and multivesicular vesicles (MVV), size 100 nm 20um).Today there are about 15 liposomal based formulationdrugs approved for clinical applications or undergoing clinical evaluation,Liposomes in cancer treatment Conventional cytostatic used in cancer treatment are small molecular weight molecules 4. such molecules distribute non-specifically to both healthy and tumour tissue resulting in therapy limiting toxicities. To increase the therapeutic-to-toxicity ratio cytostatic can be encapsulated into small liposomes (100 nm), which accumulate in tumours due to the 14enhanced permeability and retention effect 21. Here, leaky tumour vessels allow macromolecules to extravagate into tumour tissue, whilst reduced lymphatic tumour drainage results in particle accumulation. original generation liposomes used for drug delivery suffered from fast clearance by cells of the monocyte phagocyte system (MPS). By coating liposomes with polyethylene glycol (PEG), i.e. PEGylated liposomes, adhesion of plasma proteins and opsonin to liposomes are decreased. Consequently, immune system recognition is reduced, decreasing MPS uptake and prolongs circulation time 22. Today, most liposomes used for drug delivery are PEGylated. Cancer is a class of diseases. Which is characterized by out-of-control cell growth.There are over 100 different types of cancer, and each is classified by the type of cell that is initially affected.Nanotechnology has been extensively exploited to improve conventional cancer therapy in the recent years 15. The designed nanocarriers for achieving precise drug delivery to cancer cells are expected to be non-cytotoxic, expeditiously load the drugs, enhance the circulation time in bloodstream, and actively target the cancer cells6. The nanocarriers currently under intensive investigation can be divided into two categories in generalise. The lipid-based and the polymer-based with liposomes and polymeric nanoparticle as their typical representative respectively. Liposomes, the spherical vesicles formed by single or multiple lipid bilayer, hav e been widely used due to their high biocompatibility, favourable pharmacokinetic profile, high delivery efficiency and ease of surface modification. In the recent years, several liposomal drug formulations have been approved for clinical use 7.Limitations of liposomal drug delivery include insufficient drug loading, fast drug release, and instability in storage 8.Historically, lipids have been used for several decades in various drug delivery systems including liposomes solid lipid NPs, nano structured lipid carriers, andlipiddrug conjugates. Over the last decade, lipid based nano carriers are viewed as potential tool to encapsulate and deliver variety of pharmaceutical actives44,45. The solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs) and nanostructured lipid carriers (NLCs) are the first and second generation of lipid nanoparticles, respectively. The SLNs are composed of solid lipid or a blend of solid lipids while NLCs contain a mixed lipid core (solid fat and oil)45. generally regarded as saf e GRAS nature of lipid and the structural integrity of the polymer. Thus far, the polymers such as polylactic-co-glycolic acid (PLGA) 46,47, hydrolysed polymer of epoxidized soybean oil (HPESO) 48,49, dextran 50, polyethyleneimine (PEI) 51, LPNs, are prepared by at least three main components are i.e., the lipid, the polymer, and a drug. The first way to prepare the LPNPs is to mix the polymeric NPs with liposomes to form the lipid-shell and polymer-core nanoparticles such as lipoparticles where the lipid bilayer or lipid multilayer of the liposomes fuses on the surface of the polymeric NPs.5253 The second way to prepare the LPNPs has advantage over the first way in formulating the structured NPs in a single step and thus provides a simpler technology, which combines the nanoprecipiation method and the self-assembly technique to produce the desired structured NPs of lipid shell and polymer core 54,55Folic acid is selected as the toughie molecular probe for targeted delivery of the drug to the cancer cells of folate overexpression such as certain breast cancer and ovarian cancer cells. Poly (lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA), one of the most popular FDA approved non-cytotoxic and biodegradable polymers,is used to form the polymer core matrix, which is wrapped by the mixed lipid monolayer shell of three distinct functional components(i) 1,2-dilauroylphosphatidylocholine (DLPC), a phospholipid of an appropriate hydrophilic-lipophilic balance (HLB) value which is employed to stabilize the NPs in the aqueous phase(ii) 1,2-distearoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine-N-methoxy(polyethylene glycol)-2000 (DSPE-PEG2k), a PEGlyated DSPE to facilitate stealth NPs formulation to escape from recognition by the reticuloendothelial system (RES) and thus increase the systemic circulation time of the LPNPs28,29,and(iii)1,2-distearoyl-snglycero-3-phosphoethanolamineNfolate(polyethylene glycol)-5000 (DSPE-PEG5k-FOL), a PEGylated DSPE of longer PEG chains for the LPNPs to be functiona lized by folic acid conjugation for targeted delivery purpose.Superparamagnetic atomic number 26 oxide nanoparticles (SPIONS as delivery systems)Super paramagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPION) have emerged as an MRI contrast agent for tumor imaging due to their efficacy and safety. Their utility has been proven in clinical applications with a series of marketed SPION-based contrast agents. Extensive research has been performed to study various strategies that could improve SPION by tailoring the surface chemistry and by applying additional therapeutic functionality. Research into the dual-modal contrast uses of SPION has developed because these applications can save time and effort by reducing the number of imaging sessions. In addition to multimodal strategies, efforts have been made to develop multifunctional nanoparticles that carry both diagnostic and therapeutic cargos specifically for cancer. Advances in nanotechnology have permitted new possibilities for theranostics, which are defined as the combination of therapy and imaging within a single platform 56, 57. Nanotechnology is applied to molecular imaging in the form of imaging probes capable of enhancing the sensitivity of the take in and the specificity toward the target tissue. Usually, the imaging probeconsists of nanoparticles conjugated with active targeting ligands 58, 59.Superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPION) have a superparamagnetic iron core, which makes them useful as T2 contrast agents for MRI. SPION can be detected withhigh sensitivity, and both the iron and polymer components of SPION are biocompatible and degradable 60.The size of iron oxide nanoparticles plays a major rolein target cell uptake and elimination from the body. Spleen and liver capture nanoparticles of more than 200 nm in diameter whereas particles having sizes below 10 nm are selectively filtered by renal systems and eliminated from body 61.The majority of nanoparticles in development include drug conjug ates and complexes, micelles, dendrimers, vesicles, coreshell particles, microbubbles, and carbon nanotubes 62.Dendrimer-based Nanoparticles for Cancer TreatmentNanotechnology has led to a remarkable convergence of disparate fields including biology, applied physics, optics, computational analysis, and modeling, as well as materials science. Because of this, the application of nano scale analytical, computational, and synthetic approaches to understanding and manipulating complex biological systems offers incredible potential for advances in the diagnosis and treatment of cancer. Recent work has suggested that nanoparticles in the form of dendrimers may be a keystone in the future of therapeutics. The field of oncology could soon be revolutionized by novel strategies for diagnosis and therapy employing dendrimer-based nano therapeutics. several(prenominal) aspects of cancer therapy would be involved. Diagnosis using imaging techniques such as MRI will be improved by the incorporatio n of dendrimers as advanced contrast agents. This might involve novel contrast agents targeted specifically to cancer cells. Dendrimers can also be being applied to a variety of cancer therapies to improve their safety and efficacy. A strategy, somewhat akin to the Trojan horse, involves targeting anti-metabolite drugs via vitamins or hormones that tumors need for growth. Further applications of dendrimers in photodynamic therapy, boron neutron capture therapy, and gene therapy for cancer are being examined.Most cancer therapeutics are small drug molecules that after being ingested or injected into the bloodstream can advantageously diffuse through vascular pores and the extracellular matrix to reach tumors. Complex therapeutics that involve drug delivery mechanisms or imaging moieties have tended to be much larger. While the exact size of molecules thatcan easily transverse vascular pores from the bloodstream and reach tumor tissue is unclear, it is probably limited to the size of proteins (

Nanotechnologys Impact on the Field of Catalysis

Nanotechnologys Impact on the Field of CatalysisMohammed YusufWhat is Nanocatalysis?The word Nanocatalysis is made up of two parts, nano and catalysis. Lets begin my tackling the first part. Nano, short for nanotechnology, is the study of extremely small things, and their applications to society. 1 nanometre is a billionth of a meter (Nano.gov, 2016). And as for catalysis, this refers to a chemical reaction bought about by a catalyst, with a catalyst being a substance that makes it possible for a reaction to be faster, by matching chemicals together quicker (Northwestern, 1999). Nanotechnology and catalysis go together so well because in order for a catalyst to be as trade good as possible, it needs to shake up a large surface ara. This allows the catalyst to interact with as much of the reactants as possible.Why I am researching Nanocatalysis?I decided to pursue this topic because the entire chemical industry is dominated by catalysts, nearly e very(prenominal) product created vi a chemical reactions has been produced with the help of a catalyst. Furthermore, I chose this topic because of its futurology aspect its a well-k forthwithn fact that orbicular warming is slowly destroying our habitat, Earth. According to NASA, the carbon dioxide levels argon the highest they have ever been in 650,000 age. This is contributing to the fact that our global temperature is up 1.4o F since 1880 (climate.nasa.gov, 2016). However, the scientists of this world argonnt just accepting this as our collective future, nanotechnology being used for catalysis has reinvented catalyst designing, and now catalysts can be designed to absorb painful chemicals and gases that contribute to global warming. Because of nanotechnology, catalyst membranes can be modified to remove unwanted molecules from liquids and gases through the membrane design. (Nanowerk, 2010)What leave behind this report be about? This report will look into how nanotechnology is reinventing catalysis, Nanocataly sis real world applications, how it could be used to combat global warming, how Nanocatalysis is saving notes and how it is a safe alternative to ordinary catalyst.However, we will also dive into the problems that face the industry of Nanocatalysis, how it could pose health and safety issues to humans and how nanotechnology is very arduous to control.EfficiencyThere are two types of catalysts, Heterogeneous and Homogenous. Heterogeneous catalysts are in different phases to the reactants, they are solid while the reactants are liquid. However equal catalysts are in the same phase as the reactants, if they are liquid, gas or solid so are the reactants. The key objective to making nanocatalysts call on is making them as efficient as possible, stabilizing catalysts has been an issue for a very ache time you need the catalyst to have a long lifetime, with a very high selectivity (more desired products formed). According toP. Nagaraju Rao, A good stabilizer is one that protects the nanoparticles during the catalytic process, but does not neutralize the surface of nanoparticles resulting in loss of catalytic activity. Catalyst stabilizers come in many forms, from metals to polymers.To increase efficiency as much as possible, scientists have used nanotechnology to create nanocatalysts supports. done the discovery of a porous aluminium oxide powder, scientists have been able to improve efficiency. Dr Brian Woodfield and David Selck have used this porous material, with its huge net act of pores, each 3 nanometres in length, and have filled each pore with expensive catalytic metals each pore 30,000 times smaller than a human hair. This may sound expensive, buying hintic number 78 and using it to fill holes, but it is on such a small scale that it is saving a huge amount of money. So, in theory, you are using less metal but each tiny piece of metal adds up to produce a huge surface area. In industry, clumps of atomic number 78 used to be used which is outrag eous. Since it is a known fact that only the atoms on the surface that are exposed to the reaction are useful, this type of nanocatalysts saves so much time, money and effort. Dr Brian Woodfield and David Selck are working on producing tiny 1 nanometre crystals of these expensive metals and placing them in porous aluminium oxide, so every atom in the metal is being used. This electric currentlines production and therefore it improves efficiency. (Cougar Cosmos, 2011)DS1Improving reaction yieldNanocatalysts are more efficient than general catalysts, as I have established. This major advantage leads to a higher yield of the desired product in a chemical reaction. A real world example of this would be the production of biodiesel from violent cooking oil, where the Solid acid nanocatalysis of Al0.9H0.3PW12O40 nanotubes with double acid sites yield 96% of biodiesel from waste cooking oil as compared to 42.6% with conventional H3PW12O40 catalyst. (P. Nagaraju Rao, 2010) fascinating har mful gas emissionsBy controlling the pore size of the catalytic membranes in nanocatalysts, you can alter them to remove unwanted molecules, such as harmful gases such as CO2 (global warming) and NO2 (ozone depletion), (Nanowerk, 2016). And through further experimentation by chemical engineers, leading nanotechnology research company Oxonica have produced a nano-diesel fuel additive which decreases fuel consumption, greenhouse gas emissions and other harmful emissions. This rock solid research has gone through years of large-scale trials. The science behind this is real staggering through the utilization of Cerium oxide nanoparticles in the early stages of combustion, the peak pressure of reaction is reduced. This has a knock on effect, because this reduced pressure results in less NOx emission. This prolongs combustion, which leads to a reduction in inburnt hydrocarbon and, ultimately, a decrease in fuel consumption of up to 9%. This research can be applied to nanocatalysts, the genius of the researchers behind this discovery used fundamental physics knowledge to manufacture a product that makes the engine do more work for the same fuel used which can be also be done with catalysts (P. Nagaraju Rao, 2010)Global warming is a very pressing issue, with the 10 warmest years ever recorded being logged since 1997 its these small improvements in existing reactions that add up to something phenomenal. (Friends of the Earth briefing, 2010)Karine Philippot and Philippe Sers research paper into the concepts of nanocatalysis perfectly outlines the benefits of nanocatalysts, as opposed to normal catalysts.Figure 1. (Karine Philippot and Philippe Ser, 2013) Shows us how nanomaterials are more efficient than regular materials.Figure 2. (Karine Philippot and Philippe Ser, 2013) Shows us how smaller particles (nanocatalysts) have higher selectivity than larger particles.Figure 3. (Karine Philippot and Philippe Ser, 2013) Shows how nanocatalysts have larger surface area than traditional catalysts.Lack of support from investorsAlthough the future for nanocatalysts look bright, it needs funding and support from investors to kick off and dominate the chemical industry. Investors are not heavily investing in research of newer types of catalysts. Instead, they are only investing in commercially approved nanocatalysts such as industrial enzymes. This is very worrying, as research into newer types of nanocatalysts is vital for this field to continue to improve. This wont happen if well-established nanocatalysts continue to receive the lions share of funding and investment.Lack of support from merchandise accompaniment may be vital, but so is good commercial performance. Newer nanocatalysts have a hard time finding buyers, as corporations continue to buy commercially well-established nanocatalysts. Commercially well-established nanocatalysts such as zeolites take up 98% of all global sales, which is a staggering figure. Hopefully, through more academic re search companies will begin to venture into newer forms of nanocatalysts. (P. Nagaraju Rao, 2010)The market will eventually embrace nanocatalysisGlobal manufacture Analysts, Inc. predict that nanocatalysis will receive huge interest in the future, as global warming becomes more apparent and companies are either forced to, or willingly embrace more environmentally friendly methods. The global market for nanocatalysts is expected to reach $7.2 billion by 2020 with nanocatalysts focused on removing harmful greenhouse gasses receiving the most attention. The strength growth of automobile production in India and chinaware means the Asia-Pacific will emerge as the fastest growing market. They believe automobile production will be a huge revenue stream for this global market as nano-catalytic converters will be become the new norm for the automobile industry. This makes sense, with the astonishing rise of the electric car, fuel based cars will eventually be phased out of society due to global warming concerns nano-catalytic converters can add a breath of life to this dying business.(Strategyr.com. 2015DS2)Furthermore, Global Industry Analysts, Inc. also point to the growing focus on reducing emissions in coal-fired power plants, stringent emission control norms and increasing adoption in waste water treatment.Figure 4. (Global Industry Analysts Inc. 2016.)Nanocatalysts vs catalystsNormal, expensive metal, catalysts have been used for a very long time this doesnt truly mean they are better. Lets take platinum as an example, which suffers from low efficiency, slow kinetics, high woos and a very short lifetime. Nanocatalysts are efficient, save money, durable and have a high stability. They are essentially the new generation of catalysts. But that doesnt mean that the old will be phased out. As Ive discussed previously, engineers and material scientists such as Dr Brian Woodfield and David Selck are using extremely expensive metals such as platinum and putting t hem in porous nanocatalysts supports to the point where so little of the expensive metal is being used, that the actual cost is reduced extensively. (Karine Philippot and Philippe Ser, 2013)Therefore, it would be better to classify nanocatalysis as an evolution, drawing from the old norms of chemistry and material science and using the theory behind this to reinvent the standard. by dint of secondary research, I was able to gather information from a large number of sources. At the start of this research, I had many goals and vague ideas about what nanocatalysis had the voltage to be. Through extensive research I was able to establish that nanocatalysts will be essential to solving large scale issues such as global warming by transitioning the world from large emissions of greenhouse gases to low emissions of these harmful gases. This will have huge effects on the world, with deals such as the genus Paris Climate Agreement put in place to ensure global warming isnt the end of the wo rld, nanocatalysis will surely be a card government and corporations will be playing.I was also able to establish, through my research, that nanocatalysis is soon to be a very lucrative industry. Industrial predictions show that since nanocatalysts save money, improve efficiency, selectivity and yield it will grow to be a $7.2 billion dollar global market to put this into perspective, this is more than double the valuation of the Cyprus stock exchange. (Visual Capitalist, 2016)Nanotechnology may be the science of extremely small things, but it has a big future ahead of it.2066 words including citations.YouTube, 2011. Nanocatalysis Smaller, Cheaper, More Efficient Online Available at https//www.youtube.com/ stay?v=ufVYz-dBJGA Accessed 17 Aug. 2016P. Nagaraju Rao, 2010. Nanocatalysis Applications in Chemical Industry. Nanotech, Volume 1 (Issue 1), knave 13-21Friends of the Earth, 2010, Briefing Climate Change Facts. Online Available at https//www.foe.co.uk/sites/default/files/down loads/climate_change_facts.pdf Accessed 12 Aug. 2016Strategyr.com, (n.d). Nanocatalyst mart Trends. Online Available at http//www.strategyr.com/MarketResearch/Nanocatalysts_Market_Trends.asp Accessed 13 Aug. 2016Nano.gov, (n.d). What is Nanotechnology? Online Available at http//www.nano.gov/nanotech-101/what/definition Accessed 2 Aug. 2016visualcapitalist.com, (2016). All of the Worlds Stock Exchanges by Size. Online Available at http//www.visualcapitalist.com/all-of-the-worlds-stock-exchanges-by-size/ Accessed 20 Aug. 2016Karine Philippot and Philippe Ser, 2013. Nanomaterials in Catalysis. Germany Wiley-VCH, Page 25Climate.nasa.gov, (2016). Global Climate Change Vital Signs if the Planet. Online Available at http//climate.nasa.gov/ Accessed 4 Aug. 2016Chemguide.co.uk, (2016). The Effect of Catalysts on Reaction Rates. Online Available at http//www.chemguide.co.uk/physical/basicrates/catalyst.html Accessed 4 Aug. 2016Northwestern.edu, (1999). What is Catalysis? Online Available at h ttp//www.northwestern.edu/magazine/northwestern/winter1999/winter99coverstoryside1.htm Accessed 16 Aug. 2016DS1This is not the format for Harvard referencing.DS2Good use of examples in this paragraph.DS3Should be in alphabetical order.

Child care and education

nipper c ar and educationIntroductionPlay is central to the development of sm both fryren which armed services them make sense of the world they live in and they check out by doing, exploring and trying things out.From 2008, sister minders, nurseries, pre- informs and reception classes ar required to pursue the Early Years Foundation St develop (EYFS), and will be checked on a lower floor this frame formulate by OfSTED. The EYFS has been planned to tin support and direction to all those working with children up to the advance of 5 in how best to enable children to whole tone rubber and supported and to extend their acquisition and development.In EYFS, stress is placed upon reading that each child and their family are unique, with different incurs and concerns. Effective practicians should be asking themselves What sort of child is this and how am I going to support their development and geting? The EYFS has rightly stack the relationship between practitioner and ch ild at its core beca role we suffer a very special, influential and vitally grand role as we support, facilitate, model, reflect, evaluate and engage with children along their accomplishment journey. www.foundation-stage.infoChildrens learning and development is from 6 subject fieldspersonal social emotional developmentcommunication, language and literacyproblem solving, reasoning and numeracyknowledge and understanding of the worldcreative development sensual developmentThey bring together the skills, understanding and experiences appropriate for babies and children as they grow up, learn thing and develop.Childrens development happens generally in six overlapping phases blood line 11 months,8 20 months,16 26 months,22 36 months,30 50 monthsand 40 60 months.The overlap is planned to emphasise the item that are differences between the development of children in different varying of learning, and between children of similar ages.It strengthens the principle that children learn and develop in different shipway and at different rates save also that all areas of learning and development are equally crucial and are interconnected.There are a effect of current influences on play and a couple are highlighted below.Forest SchoolsTheir are a number of points where Forest Schools encourage and inspire children of any age with controlling outdoor experiences.Forest Schools aim to developThe personal development of the children so that there personal potency, self esteem, self awareness, and social skills rectifyA wider extend of carnal skillsUnderstanding of natural and man made environmentsUnderstanding of environmental issuesSelf Regulation, Intrinsic Motivation, Empathy, Good social communication skills, freedom and a positive mental attitude.Forest School create a unique learning environment they are used to support a range of individuals, community groups and larger organisations to use their local open space for play, health, action mechanism and personal development uses. The children would be encouraged to learn through play in the forests and develop their imagination through playForest Schools originated in Sweden in the 1950s when children were taught outside. They learnt intimately the world and nature and the environment through stories, songs and activities with woodland materials. The commencement exercise Forest School in Britain was initiated by Bridgwater College 10 years ago.Forest Schools use the open space to assist children learn practical and social skills as well as freedom. From as young as 5 years old, children butt joint sit around a fire and learn how important it is to compensate fire respectfully.Child Care and Education pg 289Reggio EmiliaStarted in Italy in the late 1940s after the war. The aim is based on the ideas that a child is creative competent learner who discover in collaboration with adults and other children so they develop social learning. The basic idea of Reggio is believing in the magnificence of discovery, both indoor and outdoor, learning environments are stimulating and that children should reflect on their learning and document their own learning.There are seven points that Reggio is based onCreative thinking / using their imaginationExploring and discovery / finding things out on their ownFree playFollowing childrens interests / doing what they enjoyValuing, encouraging all ways children express themselvesAsking children to dress down more or less ideas and to expand on themAsking children to re-visit their ideasThere are also some central approaches to the Reggio Emelia approach down in the mouth adult to children ratiosTeachers as learners and reflective practioners.Child Care and Education pg 289Child increase pg 155What is child development theories? There are more theories and inquiry , national and local initiatives as well as policies, physical, intellectural, emotion and social as well as psychological reasons such as security and safety,lifestyle,play . technological reasons also affect child developmentChild development theories are sets of principles that are designed to predict and explicate something. Over the years, psychologists and scientists had devised many theories which help explain observations and discoveries about child development.Also, providing a broader framework of understanding, a good opening allows educated guesses about aspects of development that are not yet clearly understood.These ideas provide the basis for research. A theory also has practical value. When a parent, educator, therapist, or policymaker makes decisions that affect the lives of children, a well-founded theory can guide them in amenable ways.Child development theories can also limit understanding, such as when a poor theory misleadingly emphasizes unimportant influences on development and underestimates the import of other factors.The regulation states that Play underpins the delivery of all the EYFS and has many c onstant reminders throughout the guidance for practitioners to aid child initiated learning through play.The effective practitioner is tuning into childrens interests and thoughts so that you can tap into what they love and know which stimulate and inspire.Play is also at the forefront of the EYFSs delivery and can be the fix for everyone mixed. You can enrich young childrens lives by being reflective and be a well equipped facilitators enjoying the learning journey with themThe EYFS programme is about better chances for life for all children, by giving them all an opportunity to have the best possible start, regardless of their family status or circumstances or where they attend. The EYFS delivers meliorate outcomes for all children, across all areas of development and learning.The Childcare Bill seeks to establish a single standard phase of development for all children, as it set the 10 year schema for childcare Choice for parents, the best start for children. Its provides a flexible system that helps and supports childrens development from receive, when they will interact with adults that are expert and experienced in environments that are safe, caring and loving.The Early Years Foundation Stage is a central quality of the ten year childcare strategyEnsuring a consistent approach to care and learning from birth to the end of the Foundation Stage.Incorporating elements of the National Standards.Has a play-based approachFocuses on stages of development rather than chronological, age based teaching and learningThe overarching aim of the EYFS is to help children achieve the Every Child Matters five outcomesStaying safeBeing healthyEnjoying and achievingMaking a positive contributionAchieving economic wellbeingThe EYFS principles are grouped into 4 themesA unique child.Principle Every child is a competent learner from birth who can be resilient, capable, confident and self-assuredPositive RelationshipsPrinciple Children learn to be strong and free la nce from a base of loving and secure relationships with parents and/or a key personEnabling EnvironmentsPrinciple The environment plays a key role in supporting and extending childrens development and learningLearning and DevelopmentPrinciple Children develop and learn in different ways and at different rates and all areas of learning and development are equally important and inter-connected.The theorists, Piaget, and Vygotsky, both viewed the significance about the role of play and learning in the early years. Both found it to be a vital part of a childs development.Piagets idea of self discovery suggested that children needed minimal adult interactions to help them learn through life. He believed that the children tried, without adult help, to make sense of the world and understand what was going on around them. He also had similar thoughts on his theory of child language acquisition. He had a idea notion that play was a window that reflected the goings on in the life of a child .Vygotsky saw it differently. He suggested that children are social learners, and liked to explore and discover new things with the help of adults and not without. This was his scaffolding theory and the zone of proximal development.Bruner said that when the children get older they stop learning new things.They start to build on what they already know. If children were left to teach themselves, as Piaget said, the child may not learn all they need to know, eg Maths. The subject of Maths needs adult help and teachings ensure that the children understand correctly, and that the necessary information is being learnt. Also some children, even in a play situation, will continually return to the same area and objects because it is their comfort zone. Evidently this way the child will fail to benefit from the learningBanduras ready to hand(predicate) Learning Theory modified traditional learning theory which was based on stimulus-response relationships. It considered learning to be no di fferent among infants, children, adults, or even animals. Banduras approach is influential in the treatment of problem behaviors and disorders.Learning can be based on a spiral approach (Janet Moyles 1989)which starts with free-play.It allows children to explore e.g. To explore water using equipment provided. e.g. To explore how to change the size of a splash. slew they make a small splash, can you make a big splash? It is vital to allow children the chance to practise the skill they have learnt through lone and peer supported play.Childrens play reflects their wide ranging and varied interests and pre-occupations. In their play children learn at their highest level. Play with peers is important for childrens development.Through play children learn experiences by exploring and developing, which help them make sense of the world. They practice and build up ideas, and learn how to control themselves and understand the need for rules. They have the opportunity to think creatively alon gside other children as well as on their own. They communicate with others as they investigate and solve problems. They express fears or re-live anxious experiences in controlled and safe situations.Observing children is different from being alert and noticing what is happening around you. Observations have to be focused and carried out in an order to plan for and assess children in a purposeful mannerThe information below gives advice on the following on some principles for observational legal opinion, and how they can be put them into practice mind must have a reason and a purpose.Continuous observation of children participating in every day activities is the most suitable way of create up an accurate picture of what the children know, understand and feel, what they are interested in and what they can do.Practitioners should plan observations and also be ready to capture the spontaneous but important moments.Judgement of childrens development and learning must be based on skills , knowledge, understanding and behaviour that are demonstrated consistently and independently.Effective assessment behaves equal account of all aspects of the childs development and learning.Accurate assessments are reliant upon taking account of contributions from a range of perspectives.Assessments must actively engage parents in developing an accurate picture of the childs development.Children must be fully involved in their own assessment.Record keeping is important and are an important gumshoe to help practitioners and childrens attainment and progress.A multi professional approach when working with children and parents is important as it helps children not to slip through the net.Communication is the biggest part of the multi professional team, as everyone needs to know what is going on.The multi professional approach team is made up of a lot of different agencies, they are agencies including Schools and teachers, Hospitals and doctors, Social workers, Police and many more. They all work together to help parents and children to stop tragic cases such as death, child abuse, etc.Multi professional approach allows professionals share knowledge about a family needs so that the parents dont have to ask the same questions over and over again.The professionals are aware of each others roles in supporting the family so that self-contradictory advice can be minimise. It is essential that each agency communicates well and understands not only there role and responsibilities but the others agencies as well.Parents/guardians are the most important people in a childs life, and recognise the importance of this. We have a responsible role that involves sharing care of the child with parents/guardians listen to parents/guardians, as they are the expert on their child.Every Child Matters is a important part of the curriculum. Its aims as agreed by leaders, teachers and other education professionals and is about promoting childrens wellbeing and enabling them to dev elop their potential as healthy, enterprising and responsible citizens.Every Child Matters states that every child, whatever their social upbringing or circumstances, should have the help they need to be healthy, stay safe, enjoy and achieve, make a positive contribution, achieve economic wellbeingThese five outcomes need to be at the centre of everything a nursery or school does and reinforced through every aspect of its curriculum- lessons, events, routines, the environment in which children learn and what they do out of school.Early EducationProviders involved in the care and education of young children from birth to five follows rules from the Department for Children, Schools and Families. These rules are intended to support practitioners to meet the diverse needs of all children, enabling them to enjoy and achieve.Children birth to three yearsCare, learning and development for babies and children up to three is available at a variety of settings including day nurseries, registe red pre schools and childminders. Practitioners use the extradite to Three Matters Framework to support the young children in their care. The Frameworkvalues and celebrates babies and childrenrecognises their individuality, efforts and achievementsrecognises that all children from birth develop and learning though interaction with people and geographic expedition of the world around themrecognises the holistic nature of development and learningThe child is at the centre of the Birth to Three Matters Framework. It highlights four Areas which mark the skill and competence of babies and young children and shows the links between growth, learning, development and the importance of the environment in which they are cared for and educated.These four areas areA Strong ChildA happy CommunicatorA Competent LearnerA Healthy Child completely children, whichever provision they attend, will experience a play based curriculum of planned, independent and adult led activities. These experiences may take place indoors and/or outdoors and will aim to develop knowledge, skills and understanding in the following areasPersonal, Social and Emotional DevelopmentHelps children to mix and form relationships with individuals and groups, playing and learning co-operatively. Children are supported to develop a positive sense of themselves and an awareness of the needs and feelings of othersCommunication, lyric poem and LiteracyChildren are supported to develop skills in talking and listening, reading and writing. They are introduced to a rich learning environment where these skills are valued. mathematical DevelopmentMathematical understanding is developed through a variety of practical activities based on every day situations. Children are supported to develop mathematical ideas and use related vocabulary while taking part in sorting, matching, ordering, counting, pattern making and working with numbers, shapes and measures.Knowledge and Understanding of the WorldChildren are encou raged to be curious, to ask questions, to experiment and solve problems to help them make sense of the world they live in. A variety of practical experiences build the foundation for later learning about science, design and technology, information and communication technology, history, geography and religious education.Physical DevelopmentYoung children are supported to develop physical control, co- ordination and manipulation, confidence and ability to move in different ways and handle large and small equipment. Children learn how their bodies work and how to stay active, safe and healthy.Creative DevelopmentChildren have opportunities to take part in a range of creative experiences. As their imagination develops they have opportunities to communicate and express their ideas and feelings in a number of ways through artwork, music, dance and role play.These six areas of learning are of equal importance and through activities and experiences children learn and develop in a holistic m anner.Parents are childrens first educators and are highly valued in the contribution that they make.The role that parents have played, and their future role, in educating the children do this throughbefore their child starts in our school talk to parents about their childchildren have the chance to spend time with their teacher before starting at a nursery school by having Induction Session.Giving parents regular opportunities to talk about their childs progressGiving free access to their childrens Learning Journey record books .Encouraging parents to talk to their childs teachers about any concerns they may have.A range of activities throughout the year that will encourage collaboration between child, nursery school and parents. Ie.fund raising days, themed activity days, concerts like Harvest Festival, nativity, Easter and leavers concert.Have 2 formal meetings per year (Autumn and Summer term) with parents to discuss the childs progress and development. all in all staff who are involved with EYFS should aim to develop good relationships with children and interact with them and take time to listen to the children.Recognising diversity is about recognising that children can come from lots of different backgrounds and family structures and this could be from the language they speak, civilization and beliefs.Diversity means responding in a positive manner to differences, valuing all people.All children are citizens and have rights and entitlements.Children should be treated fairly regardless of race, religion or abilities. This applies no proceedswhat they think or saywhat type of family they come fromwhat language(s) they speakwhat their parents dowhether they are girls or boyswhether they have a disability or whether they are rich or poor.All children have an equal right to be listened to and valued in the setting.Improving the physical environment physical aids to access education such as ICT equipment and portable aids for children with motor co-ordi nation and poor hand/eye skills. New buildings should be physically accessible to disabled pupils and will involve improving access to existing buildings including ramps, wider doors, low sinks, etcImproving the delivery of information to disabled children at nurserys or schools The information should take account of pupils disabilities and parents preferred formats and be made availableAll children should be treated in the same way regardless of race, religion or abilities. Nno matter what they think or say, what type of family they come from, what language(s) they speak, what their parents do, whether they are girls or boys or whether they have a disability or whether they are rich or poor.All children have an equal right to be listened to and valued in the setting and all children have a need to develop, which is helped by exploring and discovering the people and things around them. more or less childrens development may be at risk, for example children who are disabled and thos e with special educational needs , those from socially excluded families, such as the homeless or those who live with a parent who is disabled or has a mental illness, children from traveller communities, refugees or asylum seekers and those from diverse linguistic backgrounds.All children are entitle to enjoy a full life in conditions which will help them take part in society and develop as an individual, with their own ethnic and spiritual beliefs. Practitioners ensure that their own knowledge about different pagan groups is up-to-date and consider their own attitudes to people who are different from themselves.In the UK, children are being raised in a society with many sources of enriching diversity. Good early years practice needs to sustain this from the earliest months of babyhood. Practitioners need to work to create a encouraging learning environment. Play materials, books and other resources can be on hand in a helpful way by reflecting on how young children learn about c ulture and cultural uniqueness.Diversity and inclusion is also linked to legislation such the Childrens Act 1989, SEN act 2001, Rights of Children 1989 and the extend Relations Act 1976. Also included is the Disability Act 2004.Children like experiencing food, music or dance forms that reflect their own family and neighbourhood experiences. Early childishness is a good time to offer opportunities that enable children to stretch beyond the familiar. Children can learn to appreciate cultural diversity in styles of art, craft, music and dance. All opportunities need to be well grounded in positive pride for the styles common in every childs own background.Learning about identity and cultural diversity can help young people to live and work together in diverse communities, both in this country and the wider world. It can also help them develop their identity and sense of be which are fundamental to personal well-being and the achievements of a flourishing and cohesive society.The Uni ted Kingdom already has of a large range of ethnicities, cultures, languages, beliefs and religions. These are not staying still but are constantly changing and interacting, so that everyone can identify with different aspects of their heritage in different situations. Diversity also cover, social class, regional differences, gender, sexual orientation, religious and non-religious beliefs and values.Young people need to develop the ability to see themselves as part of this diversity, and to reflect on who they are. Schools can give them the opportunity to explore their identities in a safe and positive environment, and to discuss what is important to them and their families. This develops a sense of belonging to a community that values them and improves their understanding of what binds people in communities together. When individuals recognise and value their own culture, beliefs and traditions, they can better understand how others develop their identities.The identity and cultura l diversity curriculum dimension helps learners to gain a broad understanding of the country they are growing up in its past, its present and its future. They learn about its range of cultures and traditions, its political system, values and human rights, how it has evolved to be as it is, and in particular, how they are able to contribute through democratic participation to its future development.ReferencesChild Care and Education Tassoni. P. (2007). Heinemann (Harcourt Education Limited). Oxford , EnglandChild Development Meggitt. C. (2006). Heinemann (Pearson Education Limited). Harlow, EnglandDepartment of education and Skills (DFES) 2007 Early Childhood Studies, Willan, Parker-Rees, Savage (2004) Learning Matters ltd

Freedom and Kate Chopins Story of an Hour Essay -- Story Hour essays

Freedom and The Story Of An minute When I first read Kate Chopins The Story Of An Hour, my instinctual response was to sympathize with the character of Mrs. Mallard. This seemed to me to have been intended by the author because the story follows her emotional path from the original shock upon hearing of her husbands supposed terminal to her gradual acceptance of the joy she feels in anticipating her new freedom to the irony of her own sudden death. However, one event cannot be overlooked when judging my ain reaction to this piece. Because this storys theme is basically an issue of what a woman has the right to expect from her life, the fact that I am a woman living in a society where freedom and independence are valued above all else weighs heavily on the way I look upon the actions of Mrs. Mallard and in any case on the way I judge Chopins message. It is interesting to note that even in the storys opening, before Mrs. Mallards response has run its full course , her reaction to the news of the cerebrovascular accident which is presumed to have killed her husband is already being contrasted to the one which society would deem appropriate. It is mentioned that She did not hear the story as many women have heard the same, with a paralyzed inability to accept its significance(pg 275, P3). Though upon discussion of the story I found that this sentence had placed a kernel of suspicion in the minds of some as to the authenticity of Mrs. Mallards display of emotion, I had taken once, with sudden, wild abandonment(pg 275, P3) endeared her to me all the more because I felt that it meant she was very much in touch with the workings of her heart andimmediately at their mercy, and this made her reacti... .... As a woman who wants what these women wanted, I find this hard to grapple with. I appreciate the fact that this story was written in a time when feminism was unheard of, but I wish that Chopin, who had been liberated enough to conc eive of a character who would think like Mrs. Mallard, could also have imagined a situation in which she could have survived. Work Cited Chopin, Kate. The Story of An Hour. The Norton Anthology of Short Fiction. Ed. R.V. Cassill and Richard Bausch. New York W.W. Norton and Company, 2000. 106-109. Works Consulted Cixous, Helene. Laugh of the Medusa. Feminisms An Anthology of literary Theory And Criticism. Ed. Robyn R. Warhol and Diane Price Herndl. New Brunswick, New Jersey Rutgers University Press, 1991. Moi, Toril. Sexual/Textual Politics. New York Routledge, Chapman and Hall, 1988.

The Greek Underwood Essay -- History, The Erinyes, Zeus

THESIS STATEMENTThe Greek Underworld can be a unconsolable place, especially for those who have angered the gods, where one can go for how the punishments often times fit the crime.PURPOSE STATEMENTThroughout this research paper the Underworld is portrayed as a aristocratic place where those who pull crimes are punished for them which can be extremely brutal.INTRODUCTIONThe Underworld is often times portrayed only as dark place for criminals, which it is, solely its where everyone goes after death. Souls of the dead who carried an ancient Greek coin in their mouths were ferried across another underworld river, the Styx, by Charon, to begin eternity as citizens of his dark kingdom. Those who did not have a coin remained, lamenting, by the riverside. (Evans 16). The Underworld is where everyone spent the rest of their afterlife. It was a strict place and there was no escaping. Each person was judged when they entered. Osiris became king and judge of the dead in the underworld . (Ingpen, Perham 18). The Erinyes or the Furies are who punishes the people who have committed crime. Virgil is the one who places them as to where they go. The Erinyes or the Furies were regarded by some of the poets as his Hades daughters, and the three (or sometimes four) of them are often shown standing beside his throne. They were of fearsome appearance, often garbed in black cloaks soaked in pipelineabove all those who murdered their own kin. (Allen 52-3). The Erinyes ruled with the God of the Underworld, Hades. He was the god who controlled everything that went on in the Underworld. Hades was seen as a dark and unattractive god, hard-hearted and merciless. (Allen 52). Hades was not perpetually the nicest god to be around. But he was ... ...ping from them. They spent the rest of their life being tormented. The underworld has different meanings to it. Its not just a place for punishment. It is the afterlife for everyone. The underworld is where people go after de ath. There are different ways to go through and through it depending on the life that person had lived. They have to sail across different rivers. When they arrive, they are sent to be judged on where they will spend their time in the underworld. If they did not live a good life they will be punished for it. If they lived a good life they go to a place thats like paradise. Some people who committed serious crimes are sent down right away and they are tortured for all eternity. The underworld cannot always just be a place for those who have not lived the way they should have but also a place for those who did live the life they should live.