Famous American Womens Song for the Blues Essay -- Jackie Kennedy Bes

telephone call for the BluesThe blues is a form of music that tells of human suffering. As the reflection goes, You gotta pay the dues if you wanna sing the blues. In no other way than bear on the suffering of abandonment, dissolution, divorce, infidelity, loss, alcoholism, and prejudice could Jackie Kennedy, Bessie Smith, and Mahalia Jackson have inspired the powerful empathy of a nation. We jump for joy in our suffering, because we know that suffering produces pains perseverance, character and character, hold. This biblical tidings personifies the lives of Jack8ie Kennedy, Bessie Smith, and Mahalia Jackson. Through their own personal suffering, each of these womens lives became all human sorrow. Their suffering and perseverance became the words for a nations phone call for the blues.For instance, Jackie Kennedys song for the blues started early in her sisterhood, with the divorce of her pargonnts. She continued the suffering when she was forced to spend her childh ood divided between her parents in New York City and Long Island. She was compelled to totally exclude her pose from her life when her mother remarried and moved Jackie and her younger sister to Washington, D.C. Jackies song for the blues began with the separation and divorce of her parents, but even as a young child she persevered and was hopeful for the future.Jackie was optimistic as she entered womanhood. She graduated from George Washington University and accepted a subscriber line with a local newspaper as an inquiring photographer. She began dating the contributesome and aspiring Senator John F. Kennedy. Although their romance progressed slowly, they finally married in 1953. This was a time of happiness, of being in love, and of planning for the f... ...s. Mahalia persevered by becoming an activist in the Civil Rights Movement. A driving force in her life was Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. because he believed, as she did, that nonviolence was the means of eliminatin g racial tension. She sang songs such as Amazing Grace to give hope to all people to persevere.In conclusion, Jackie Kennedy, Bessie Smith, and Mahalia Jackson are all quite different in that the lived at different quantify in American history and hailed from diverse backgrounds. Despite their differences, they each suffered and persevered. They played the hand that life dealt them, and through their suffering and perseverance they developed character and hope that should be a lesson to all mankind. These three American women each had their own song for the blues they each sang a different song, none of which should be forgotten by our nation. Famous American Womens Song for the Blues Essay -- Jackie Kennedy BesSong for the BluesThe blues is a form of music that tells of human suffering. As the saying goes, You gotta pay the dues if you wanna sing the blues. In no other way than persevering the suffering of abandonment, separation, divorce, infidelity, loss , alcoholism, and prejudice could Jackie Kennedy, Bessie Smith, and Mahalia Jackson have inspired the powerful empathy of a nation. We rejoice in our suffering, because we know that suffering produces perseverance perseverance, character and character, hope. This biblical scripture personifies the lives of Jack8ie Kennedy, Bessie Smith, and Mahalia Jackson. Through their own personal suffering, each of these womens lives became all human sorrow. Their suffering and perseverance became the words for a nations song for the blues.For instance, Jackie Kennedys song for the blues started early in her childhood, with the divorce of her parents. She continued the suffering when she was forced to spend her childhood divided between her parents in New York City and Long Island. She was compelled to totally exclude her father from her life when her mother remarried and moved Jackie and her younger sister to Washington, D.C. Jackies song for the blues began with the separation and divor ce of her parents, but even as a young child she persevered and was hopeful for the future.Jackie was optimistic as she entered womanhood. She graduated from George Washington University and accepted a job with a local newspaper as an inquiring photographer. She began dating the grownup and aspiring Senator John F. Kennedy. Although their romance progressed slowly, they finally married in 1953. This was a time of happiness, of being in love, and of planning for the f... ...s. Mahalia persevered by becoming an activist in the Civil Rights Movement. A driving force in her life was Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. because he believed, as she did, that nonviolence was the means of eliminating racial tension. She sang songs such as Amazing Grace to give hope to all people to persevere.In conclusion, Jackie Kennedy, Bessie Smith, and Mahalia Jackson are all quite different in that the lived at different times in American history and hailed from diverse backgrounds. Despite their diff erences, they each suffered and persevered. They played the hand that life dealt them, and through their suffering and perseverance they developed character and hope that should be a lesson to all mankind. These three American women each had their own song for the blues they each sang a different song, none of which should be forgotten by our nation.

Edgar Allen Poe Essay -- Essays Papers

Edgar Allen Poe Edgar Allen Poe, an America writer, was known as a poet and critic but was most famous as the master of short stories, oddly tales of the mysterious and the macrabe. The literary merits of Poes writings project been debated since his death, but his works have continued to be popular and humansy American and European writers have declared their artistic debt to him. Born in Boston, Massachusetts, Poe was orphaned in his early childhood and was raised by John Allen, a successful business man of Richmond, Virginia. Taken by the Allen family to England at the age of six, Poe was placed in a private school. Upon returning to the United States in 1820, he continued to study in private schools. He attended the University of Virginia for a year, but in 1827 his foster father, angry by the young mans drinking and gambling, refused to pay his debts and forced him to work as a clerk. Poe, disliking his new duties violently, he quit the job as a clerk, thus estranging Allen, and went to Boston. There his first book, Tamerlane and Other Poems (1827), was published anonymously. Shortly afterward Poe enlisted in the United States Army and served a two-year term. In 1829 his second volume of verse, Al Aaraaf, was published, and he completed a correspondence with Allen, who secured him an appointment to the United States Military Academy. After only a few months at the Military Academy Poe was dismissed for neglect of duty, and his foster father disowned him permanently. Poe...

The Four Humors :: European Europe History

The Four HumorsMedieval doctors had quite an understanding of the human anatomy, considering their lack of equipment and knowledge. Most doctors in medieval times were philosophers more than existent medical doctors as most people know them today. Much of the knowledge they did acquire may have only been speculation, but quite a subroutine of it was due to concentrated observation. Many scientists studied wounds and diseases intensely and wizard scientist in particular, Empedocles, came to the conclusion that that body consists of four main fluids, or humors. These humors were yellow bile, black bile, tranquillity and blood. If one of these components was out of proportion in the body, disease occurred. The imbalance was called isonomia, an idea which was also proposed by the Greek scientist Empedocles. Empedocles followed the Pythagorean school of natural philosophers rather than the Hippocratic school as most other physicians in the time did. He felt people must use their sense s, even though they are not thoroughly reliable at all times. The other schools preferred more mystic ideas as opposed to natural ones. He also hypothesized that all substances and objects were make up of air, fire, water, and hide out in different proportions. His proposal of the four humors of the body was later accepted by the Hippocratic school. Each of Empedocles four humors was connected to one of the four seasons. Black bile was considered to be a part of autumn, blood was associated with spring, phlegm with winter and summer with yellow bile. Each humor was identified with its synonymic season due to the belief that each humor contained certain qualities. These qualities were closely related to the conditions of the seasons. Thus yellow bile was thought of as hot and dry like summer. Its opposite, phlegm was cold and moist like winter. Black Bile was cold and dry, while its opposite, blood, was hot and moist, like their counterparts, autumn and spring. As well as being con nected with seasons, the four humors were also linked to four elements of spirit. Black bile was associated with Earth, blood with air, fire with yellow bile and phlegm with water. This theory of nature and the body being interrelated was also proposed by Empedocles. Also each of these was also connected with the type of personality one presented. Too much earth made a person melancholic, which meant they were very depressed and saddened often.

Hollowness in Emily Dickinson’s Poetic Discourse Essay example -- Biog

Hollowness in Emily Dickinsons Poetic Discourse a good deal has been said about Emily Dickinsons mystifying poetry and private life story, especially during the years 1860-63. Allegedly it was during these years that the poetess, at the most prolific phase of her career, withdrew from society, began to take in her characteristic white dress and suffered a series of psychotic episodes. Dickinson tended to theatricalize herself by speaking through a host of personae in her poems and by fictionalizing her inner life as a gothic romance (Gilbert 584). Believing that a poem is the best words in the best order (to quote S.T. Coleridge) and that all the poems stemming from a single consciousness bring to surface different aspects / manifestations of the same personal mythology, I will firstly disregard biographical details in my meter reading of Dickinsons poems 378, 341 and 280 and secondly place them in a sort of continuum (starting with 378 and ending with 280) to show how they attempt to describe a plunge into the Unconscious and a glide by into madness (I refrain from using the term journey, for it implies a telos, a goal which, whether unattainable or not, is something non-existent in the poems in question). Faced with the problem of articulating and concretizing inner mental states, Dickinson created a totally new poetic discourse which lacks a transcendental signified and thus can dramatize the three stages of a (narrated) mental kick downstairs existential despair, withdrawal from the world of the senses and death of consciousness. In poem 378 the reader is introduced to the mental world of a speaker whose relentless questioning of metaphysical truths has light-emitting diode her to a state of complete faithlessness l... ...sons Poetry Stairway of Surprise. refreshful York Holt, 1960.Eberwein, Jane Donahue. Dickinson Strategies of Limitation. Amherst U of Massachusetts P, 1985.Feit Diehl, Joanne. Ransom in a Voice voice communication as Def ense in Dickinsons Poetry. Feminist Critics get a line Emily Dickinson. Ed. Suzanne Juhasz. Bloomington Indiana UP, 1983. 156-75. Gilbert, Sandra M., and Susan Gubar. The Madwoman in the Attic The Woman Writer and the 19th Century Literary Imagination. New Haven Yale UP, 1979. Homans, Margaret. Oh, Vision of Language Dickinsons Poems of Love and Death. Feminist Critics Read Emily Dickinson. Ed. Suzanne Juhasz. Bloomington Indiana UP, 1983. 114-33. Miller, Cristanne. How Low Feet Stagger Disruptions of Language in Dickinsons Poetry. Feminist Critics Read Emily Dickinson. Ed. Suzanne Juhasz. Bloomington Indiana UP, 1983. 134-55.

Incorporating Other Music into West African Music Essay -- Music Histo

Music throughout West Africa has a history of evolving in an encompassing manner, involving many different kinds of music. It begins with different musical traditions across West Africa influencing one another, and since the 19th century involves the influences of democratic Western music in West African music. more or less between 1200 and 1900, a succession of ancient African empires with centralized governments flourished across West Africa, with various kingdoms, such as the Kingdom of Songhai and the Ashanti Kingdom, covering much of coetaneous Mali, Ghana and Nigeria. Large ensembles of royal musicians accompanied the trade of gold, ivory and salt between these empires, serving as sonic symbols of the kings power and prestige . As a result, musicians across West Africa became aware of the different musical traditions in existence throughout the region, and began to incorporate elements of these traditions into one another. One sign of the unifying effect this had on music in West Africa is the incredible similarities between certain rhythms found in the music of Liberia, Ghana, Nigeria, Sierra Leone and Central African Republic. Of course, there exist a plethora of different musical traditions both between and within these nations, and these differences continue despite their influences on one another. Though these are countries with vast spaces between them, and only they have come to embrace some of the same characteristics in music making.Popular Western instruments, including guitars, harmonicas, accordions and brass instruments, were introduced along the Western coast of Africa during the 19th century, with the arrival of European traders and missionaries. Cosmopolitan cities accommodated an increased flow of people... ...g West African culture.West African music has been influenced by a wide range of Western popular music, such as jazz, soul, funk and hip hop, largely through the flow of ideas and exchanges of culture that has resulted from m odern day globalisation. Musicians of West Africa have been incorporating aspects of other music into their own, resulting in new and original forms of musical styles.BibliographyCharry, Eric. Hip Hop Africa. Bloomington Indiana University Press, 2012Collins, E.J. Post-war popular band music in West Africa, African Arts 10 (1977) 53-60. Salm, Steven J. globalization and West African Music, History Compass (2010) 58-76.Stone, Ruth M. Music in West Africa. New York Oxford University Press, 2005.Veal Michael E. Fela. The Life and Times of an African musical Icon. Philadelphia Temple University Press, 2000.

Incorporating Other Music into West African Music Essay -- Music Histo

medicament throughout western United States Africa has a history of evolving in an encompassing manner, involving many different kinds of music. It begins with different melodious theater traditions across West Africa influencing one another, and since the 19th century involves the influences of popular Western music in West African music.Roughly between 1200 and 1900, a episode of ancient African empires with centralized governments flourished across West Africa, with various kingdoms, such as the Kingdom of Songhai and the Ashanti Kingdom, covering much of contemporary Mali, Ghana and Nigeria. Large ensembles of gallant musicians accompanied the trade of gold, ivory and salt between these empires, serving as sonic symbols of the kings power and prestige . As a result, musicians across West Africa became alert of the different tuneful traditions in existence throughout the region, and began to incorporate elements of these traditions into one another. One sign of the unifyin g effect this had on music in West Africa is the incredible similarities between certain rhythms found in the music of Liberia, Ghana, Nigeria, Sierra Leone and Central African Republic. Of course, there exist a plethora of different musical traditions both between and within these nations, and these differences continue despite their influences on one another. Though these are countries with vast spaces between them, and yet they have come to compass some of the same characteristics in music making.Popular Western instruments, including guitars, harmonicas, accordions and brass instruments, were introduced along the Western coast of Africa during the 19th century, with the arrival of European traders and missionaries. Cosmopolitan cities accommodated an change magnitude flow of people... ...g West African culture.West African music has been influenced by a wide range of Western popular music, such as jazz, soul, wince and hip hop, largely through the flow of ideas and exchang es of culture that has resulted from modern day globalisation. Musicians of West Africa have been incorporating aspects of other music into their own, resulting in new and original forms of musical styles.BibliographyCharry, Eric. Hip Hop Africa. Bloomington Indiana University Press, 2012Collins, E.J. Post-war popular band music in West Africa, African Arts 10 (1977) 53-60. Salm, Steven J. Globalisation and West African Music, History Compass (2010) 58-76.Stone, Ruth M. Music in West Africa. New York Oxford University Press, 2005.Veal Michael E. Fela. The Life and Times of an African Musical Icon. Philadelphia Temple University Press, 2000.

Bill Bryson †“Notes from a small Island” Essay

What features make it amusing?Notes From A Small Island is Bill Brysons accounts from travelling around Britain. He writes in a really distinctive style.He compared this journey to a similar one that he took in 1973. He begins the book by recalling his first sight of England on a foggy March night in 1973. This is in the prologue.He begins chapter one by analyze Britain in 1973 to the time when he revisited it. The humour in this passage is how he complains about England.Through out Brysons accounts of his trip he portrays a roofy of Irony. The Irony is that it is over twenty years since his last visit Britain has actually changed surprisingly little. In his accounts of Dover he has noticed that there are a lot of similarities to Dover in 1973,found myself square in front of Mrs Smegmas establishment. It was still a hotel and looked substantially unchanged, as far as I could rememberIt is the Ironic features that makes parts of Notes from a small island amusing.The reason that Bry sons books are so funny is becaexercising they are so true and honest. I peculiarly find the chapters about London funny because I watch been there so many times my self. I love the part where he duologue about multi story car parks,You drive around for ages, and then spend a small eternity shunting into a space exactly two inches wider than the average car.Another reason why we laugh at Brysons books is because it is a common instinct to laugh at others misfortunes. This especially occurs when we have been in a similar situation, in the past, our selves.Notes from a small island is written in first person. Bryson uses Elision and Ellipsis in his writing. This makes his writing seem more(prenominal) personal and it also seems like he is actually telling his stories to the reader themselves. He also uses similes and many adjectives to create images in the readers mind. The use of modifiers is included in his writing. He has included dialect into his writing as well. Bryson has u sed both compound and complex sentences. He also uses Tongue in Cheek Tone,a sprig of artificial lilies instantly informed me that the food would be mediocre exclusively present with a certain well right flourish.The use of Tongue in cheek creates more humour in Brysons writing.The potential audience for this book is people whom whish to travel or generally people who like reading comedy. It is a travel book merged with humour. The purpose of Notes from a small island is to inform the readers about the different places but also entertain and amuse them. His lexical field is effective.Through out the book Bryson makes many observations,between them consumed the last of the profiteroles and the black forest gateau from the sweet trolley. The boy, I noticed, had a double heap of both, the greedy fat pig.In this quotation Bryson has basically written about what the majority of us think but do not actually say.Brysons ability to put into words his travelling experiences so they can be read and enjoyed are not achieved all that very much by others. He appears to have an open mind and as a result gives extensive reviews of his experiences. In these reviews provide entertainment for the reader, as they are very funny.

Relating Philosophy to Pedagogy Essay

Within any early childhood education (ECE) setting the breeding of the educators will have great impact on the programmes and philosophies which the children within that setting will be influenced by. Teachers have a responsibility to build and maintain authentic, open, mutual relationships with children, families and the community (Gailer, 2010).This is non only an integral part of the early childhood curriculum Te Whariki which has relationships as one of its four foundation principles (Ministry of Education MoE, 1996) bargonly also part of the teaching standards and ethics. As a teacher I relish in the chance to build relationships with many different children, all incomparable in their culture, strengths, ideas and means of being. The importance I place on relationships sits swell with both Vygotskys and Bronfenbrenners sociocultural theories. Vygotsky emphasised the importance of the people surround a child, seeing them crucial for supporting and enhancing the childs deve lopment.Bronfenbrenner extended this into a model of contextual factors, using ideas near five kinds of contexts surrounding the idiosyncratic child including their micro- and meso-systems where the interactions of their day-after-day realities occur (Drewery & adenosine monophosphate Bird, 2004). These theories have been vital in the development of New Zealands early childhood curriculum, Te Whariki, and so my understandings of these and with my personal philosophy I hope to have the skills to be able to build regardful reciprocal relationships with all learners. Building these relationships however is not as thriving as people outside of the profession often assume.Appendix 2 shows Suzie Gailers (2010) article on being victor, the article discusses how professional integrity of practise is reliant on teachers having a particular set of value, regard, authenticity, empowerment and transparency. The image of the child is culturally constructed and linked to our time and plac e in history, the image I have as a teacher today of children is very different to that of which I was viewed as a child. My image of the child has altered as I have gained both practical and theoretical teaching pose.In my first practicums I did not necessarily know what to expect about building initial relationships with children but as I have gained knowledge I now know that children can be trusted to build these relationships in timeframes which are decent for them. Te Whariki (MoE, 1996) presents the image of children as competent learners and communicators and I now advocate this image in my teaching charge and as a parent (Appendices 3, 4 & 5), along with the values of respect which I have articulated through and through the following of Magda Gerbers work.From my own relatively limited practical take in and theoretical knowledge I can relate to the notion of Edwards & Nuttall (2005) where the pedagogy, or the act of teaching, is not only mediated by educators unde rstandings about the children, learning, and the curriculum their understandings about the social settings in which they work, their personal experiences beyond the workplace and their engagement with the centres wider community all have a consumption in determining the educators actions (p. 36).My own underlying beliefs, values and philosophies all impact on my teaching style and, although often unconsciously, on the way I relate to individuals. Commitment to reflective practice, the personal philosophy I have articulated and the desire for professional development will aid me in holding rightful(a) to a pedagogy which is responsive in time as well as to individuals. This pedagogy with its identified aspects of assessment, supply, implementation and evaluation is influenced by my values and experiences and I plan of attack to explain and reflect upon these in this essay.The main assessment process I use is Learning Stories, an approach developed by Dr. Margaret Carr. Learning s tories show a snapshot of a learning experience which has been shared with the child or children involved and are a record of the interests and strengths of the child. research shows that learning is more effective when it is derived from interests, encouraging motivation and the guts of confidence that comes from working within ones own strengths.The learning story theoretical account is based on the belief that developing good learning dispositions is the most historic skill in early childhood and this fits well with my values of respect and having the Te Whariki image of the child, a confident, competent learner and communicator. The foundations of learning stories are the dispositions found in Te Whariki and in my own learning stories these are highlighted, showing fellow educators, parents and whanau how I work to support childrens learning in all aspects of the programme and curriculum (Appendices 4, 6 & 7).Upholding this image of children in practice is however met wi th challenges. Woodrow (1999) describes how there are resulting constructions of childhood based on how individuals experienced childhood, on cultural artefacts and on professional knowledge, Ellen Pifer (2000) also describes these conflicting images in her hold Demon or Doll (Appendix 8) which has truly opened my mind to ways of seeing individuals. Other teaching professionals may hold different images of children such as the child as innocent or as an embryo adult and this will impact on the way they act around and towards children.Having a committedness towards reflective practice and regularly evaluating my personal pedagogy will allow me to deal with these challenges, giving me the skills to explain my viewpoint and understand that of others so that the best realizable outcome is achieved. To undertake such assessment it is important to build a relationship with the children and these reciprocal relationships are another key part of my philosophy.This value has changed with my experience and theoretical knowledge, in my initial practicum I was unsure about how to go about building relationships that are both respectful and reciprocal (Appendices 9 & 10) but my confidence in this has, and will continue, to grow (Appendix 11). I believe that building a reciprocal relationship means sharing aspects of my life with children and not expecting them to reveal themselves without the favour being returned. I have a huge passion towards animals and I have shared this with the children on my last two practicums by taking along my guinea pigs (Appendix 12).The children feel aspects of empowerment and trust as I allow them to be intimately involved with a very important part of my personal life. Building such relationships prior to undertaking assessment highlights the spiral nature of teaching and the aspects of pedagogies. Taking the guinea pigs to the centre required grooming and careful implementation, including discussion with staff and families to ensure cultural needs were met. Some cultures do not agree with the keeping of animals as pets and in order to uphold the respectful image of the child and relationships with the family and community I needed to accept and respect this belief.The centre policies and legislation also play a role in planning and implementation, health and hygiene regulations needed to be considered for this activity and for others many different policies will come into play. For further assessment and planning the involvement of colleagues and whanau in the learning stories and other documentation would play a vital role in the continuation of the interest but unfortunately the short nature of the practicum did not allow for this.Cultural needs and matches weight heavily in the planning and implementation stages of my pedagogy. This is linked to all the values in my philosophy relationships, respect and equity. These values mean that I believe in focussing on skills and talents rather than on deficiencies to create learning environments, for example respecting that crying is a valid attempt at communication and can be a qualified learning experience (Appendix 11). Nyland (2004) describes how the participation rights and contexts of infants knowledge can be overlooked in childcare settings.On-line discussions with fellow students regarding this reading give support to the idea that disrespectful environments adversely affect the identity and participation of children. What happens in an environment when an identity is lose altogether and children are faced with images of white middle class able bodied members of society? What message is that giving to these children and their families? You dont belong? You are not a real member of our society? We dont value you? The environments we plan for the children speak volumes about how we view society and the people we respect and value (Ellis, R. , Fuamatu, P. Perry Smith, A. M. Moodle September 2011). During planning I therefore need to thi nk ahead about resources which reflect the cultures within the setting and the community. This can be achieved through communication with other educators in the setting, parents, and other members of the community such as kaumatua or the local priest. Planning for social occasions is also important to me as I feel they link the ECE setting with the wider community and social values. This includes events such as Mothers and Fathers day (Appendix 13) as well as cultural occasions such as the Lantern Festival, Diwali and Pasifika events.Although during such planning I am mindful of the goals and learning outcomes which Te Whariki and the teaching standards present I also constantly remind myself of the holistic nature in which the learning will occur. Lawrence (2004) describes the shift in thinking and programme planning in ECE settings over the past two decades, from keeping children busy to planning cycles and then Te Whariki. Lawrence clarifies that although the word planning is sti ll used it is not in the traditional sense of the word but rather can be seen as reflectively responding to childrens thinking (p. 16). An example in her rticle shows how the learning experience of children can be very different to that pre-planned or expected by the teacher (Appendix 14). A challenge presents itself where teachers have been trained and had experience in times where different planning programmes were utilised, disagreeing views and beliefs can lead to conflict within teaching teams and a dedication to reflective practice is required by all parties if favourable outcomes are to be reached. This reflective practice is a vital part of the evaluation process of my pedagogy. What worked? What didnt work? Where do I go from here?Schon (2002) described how the faultless process of reflection-in-action, where our knowing is in our action, is central to the skill practitioners have in dealing with situations of uncertainty, instability and uniqueness as well as valuing con flict. Holding true to a value where children are respected as individuals and valued for their own unique set of skills, uncertain and unique situations are inevitable in the day-to-day practice of an ECE setting. With the set of reflective skills I now possess I hope to be able to turn these situations of uncertainty into ones of learning, for both myself and children involved.With continuing professional development and an ever increasing amount of practical experience I feel I am in good stead to continue my calling as an early childhood educator and support the children within my influence to grow up in line with the aspirations of Te Whariki, competent and confident learners and communicators a valued contribution to society.

Overview Of The Musculoskeletal System Health And Social Care Essay

One illustration of diagnostic trial for the musculoskeletal system is Electromyography ( EMG ) . This diagnostic trial evaluates and records electric practise of muscles. It back up in diagnosing of lower motor nerve cell and peripheral nervus perturbs. During the process, an electomyograph is utilize to bring forth a record called EMG, which determines what sort of upset the patient have. Small pins or acerate leafs are inserted into the musculuss and low electrical currents are passed through these, to mensurate the electrical activity of the patient s musculuss. These electrical activity, determines the patient s musculus ability to react when the nervus in the musculuss are stimulated.2. Discuss musculoskeletal alterations associated with the aging procedure.When people ages, decrease motor activity are the frequently observation that can buoy be sighted. This alteration is due to diminish motor nerve cells and motor fibres that are bring forth when a individual increases his/her age. Muscle mass is besides affected, in footings that the thin musculus mass is decreased while fat additions. The flexibleness and scope of gesture of an erstwhile(a) individual are affected due to alterations in collagen construction and diminish physical activity, these decline consequences to muscle stiffness, joint spasms/pain, and decreased scope of gesture. Sensorimotor of an old grownup is besides affected. Due to aging, reduced neurotransmitters are produced that consequences decline of encephalon cells. In stead with this, the older grownup experience, lessening perceptual experience to quiver, temperature, and effectiveness per unit area.3. Discuss patient readying for an arthroscopy.Arthroscopy, is a surgical direction in treating/diagnosing musculus upset by analyzing the internal construction of a joint utilizing an instrument called arthroscope. In fixing a patient for this process, the wellness status of the patient is the first thing to see. The patient should non lease bosom and lung diseases, should non hold taken decoagulants ( blood dilutants ) hebdomads before the process, do nt hold diabetes and high blood force per unit area to be able to measure up for this process. physiologic scrutiny, blood trials and uranalysis are done to hold baselines for the patient s wellness. If the patient is positive for any bosom or lung jobs, electrocardiogram ( EKG ) and boob X ray are done to measure the patient s wellness capacity if he/she is capable for this process.4. Discuss constituents of a musculoskeletal physical appraisal.In musculoskeletal physical appraisal, the cephalocaudal mode is followed along with IPPA, ROM and musculus testing are utilize in analyzing the musculoskeletal status of the patient. The equipments to be used are tape step, goniometer to mensurate joint angles and tegument marker pen. Get downing of with this appraisal, stance and pace is assessed, the spinal column for any curvature and position, temporo mandibular articulation, thoracolumbar spinal column, upper appendages ( shoulder, shoulder blade, caput, thorax, cervix, arm, cubitus, carpuss, custodies, and fingers ) , lower appendages ( hip, articulatio genus, mortise joint, pes and toes tenderness, hardened musculus cramps, swelling, flexure of the musculuss of the patient are assessed.Web Assignment1. Sum up an article discoursing techniques used in measuring the musculoskeletal system. How do the constituents of the wellness news report guide the appraisal?In an article that I had read, musculoskeletal system appraisal is initiatory started with current ailments of the patient. In footings of if he/she has joint, muscular, skeletal ailments, hurt or back hurting. The wellness history of the patient is reviewed, compromised of past history injury nervousnesss, articulations, castanetss, soft tissue, cognitive operation on bone or joint, skeletal malformations, and chronic unwellness, household history inborn abnormalcies or familial upsets, present unwellness, and personal and societal history. Health history reappraisals are normally done in order to find the implicit in hazard factors on why the patient has the present disablement. It besides salute cognition to the wellness squad member that will execute the trial the extent of physical appraisal he/she will execute to the patient in order to forestall any farther complications if the patient has any unwellness that he/she ca nt make in holding the appraisal.In readying for this, equipments tegument marker pens, tape step and goniometer ( to mensurate joint angles ) are needed to execute the appraisal. The techniques normally used in cephalocaudal mode IPPA, ROM, and musculus testing. In IPPA it is compromised of Inspection, Palpation, percussion section and Auscultation. In review, the alliance, contour, symmetricalness, tallness and weight, gross malformation, position ( standing and sitting ) , pace and mobility ( walking and standing ) , size and form, contour and overall visual aspect of musculus mass are normally assessed with the patient. In tactual exploration, swelling, tenderness, heat, nodules, multitudes, edema are frequently examined. The scope of gesture ( ROM ) of the patient is tested if the patient can travel his/her articulations and musculus freely without the presence of hurting. The musculus strength is tested by using opposition while the patient is traveling his/her articulations and musculuss. Normally the flexure, extension, askant bending, rotary motion, abduction, adduction, inversion, and eversion are normally tested in patient s ROM.Physical appraisal of musculoskeletal system, are needed to cognize early any unnatural status with a individual. Proper mode of appraisal should be followed in order to hold an organized work and accurate consequences in the patient status. Always retrieve to admit patients feelings of hurting and uncomfortableness in order to forestall any farther more compli cations.

Elvis Presley had a big impact on music in the USA in 1956

1. Elvis Presley had a big match on music in the ground forces in 1956. This is recordn as the writer compliments Presley and talks very positive ab forbidden his career. The article illustrates hardly how successful his career was. It tells us that he sell a vast number of records and that he was a pennant earner for his record company, RCA. It also tells us he had six hit singles in the companys tend of top 25 best selling singles, and compliments Presley by referring to him as a winner and amazing.The writer also displays a corrosive tone as he refers to Presley as HOT AS A $1 PISTOL. This comment could be taken as a flattering remark, or a slight on Presleys talent. Its insulting aspect would be the fact that the writer could be c all(prenominal)ing Presley cheap and simple, and like a $1 Pistol after a few nigh hired guns would be useless. A nonher slur on Presleys ability is the fact the writer refers to him as a pastoral warbler, implying that he cannot sing and his words are indistinguishable.This article was written for an American music magazine called Billboard. This shows that Presley must go had some impact as he was popular sufficiency to be featured in magazines and was regarded as a celebrity. This article is a primary source of evidence of Presleys impact from third March 1956.2. The evidence in bloods C and D disagree with the evidence in Source B, which is very biased. Source B shows you all negative opinions of Presley from some(prenominal) newspapers. Each article describes that Presley has no singing ability and says that he caterwauls, meaning he sounds like a cat wailing. The New York Times goes as remote to say that Presley has no singing ability. All refer to his expression on the Milton Berle Show. These newspaper articles show us the opinions of the establishment, especially that of newspaper columnists. Also, the majority of the newspapers hearing were adults, and many thought that Presley was corrupting their child rens minds.Source C disagrees with these opinions, and is an extract from Variety, an American television and radio magazine in June 1956. This extract tells us that Presleys way on the Milton Berle Show was close to wel accompanyd by the viewing everyday. It tells us that Milton Berle was both relaxed and more effective when ending his show, showing that he welcomed and enjoyed Presleys appearance. Another argument that shows Source C disagrees with Source B is that it tells us that the Milton Berle show topped Phil Silvers Sergeant Bilko in the ratings for the first time all season. This rotates that many people watched Presley in preference to other channels, and his appearance on the Milton Berle show caused it to defeat Sergeant Bilko, which was a very popular show at the time.However, Sources B and C come from two different publications with two different intentions. The newspapers would appeal to adults, and a way of selling more newspapers would be to condemn Presley. u mteen adults would buy the newspaper if they concord to its views. Variety would appeal to teenagers as it was a music magazine, and a way that they could earn more profit would be to write about Presley, and be in favour of him.Source D could either agree or disagree with the evidence in Source B. The crowd in this photo both account very excited and all seem to be enjoying themselves on the word picture. Presley does not seem to be in any act of vulgarity, yet you cannot tell, since it is only a still picture. However, it was discovered that Colonel Parker, Presleys manager, paid teenage girls to scream and even faint during Presleys performances, so the credibility of the photograph can be questioned. The only thing that the photograph supports is the statement from Source B in the New York Journal that it has caused the most heated reaction and this is plain to see from the photograph.3. These sources clearly show the Presleys impact in the 1950s. All of the sources are extre mely useful as they highlight the different opinions of Presley from different groups of people. Source E contains three sources that all illustrate the negative impact Presley had.Source E ( i ) is a statement from Congressman Emmanuel Cellar. He claims that Presleys animal gyrations violate all I know to be in correct taste. This obviously shows that Cellar did not like Presley. One of the reasons he may make this statement is because he wants to appeal to adults. The simple reason is that he sees the adults as one thing voters. If he can appeal to the adults and give them what they want, many will support and vote for him, as he is a politician. racialism and prejudice can also be detected in his statement, as he says the coloured people. He refers to them as though they are an object, something dispirit and less important than he is. He also mention that Rock and Roll provides talent for then coloured people, implying that this is all that they are good for, and have no real p lace in the American society.Source E ( ii ) is a statement from a member of the Ku Klux Klan. This member says that they have set up a committee to decease rid of the cannibalistic, negro-loving rock and roller, obviously referring to Presley. This statement shoes us the views of many racists at the time. He uses the word cannibalistic to describe that they thought Presley was some sort of evil trying to convert teenagers to black music and drag them to the same level. The Ku Klux Klan truism people of other races as some sort of enemy, and anybody who mixed with, or was friends with people from other races were also the enemy. This can account for why the Ku Klux Klan wanted to get rid of Presley.Source E ( iii ) is a statement from Billy Graham, an evangelical preacher. He claimed that he would not let his daughter cross the highway to see Elvis Presley. His statement can represent the views of the church, and also the views of a father, as he speaks of his daughter. His point of view is that Presley was causing teenagers to sin and that Presley promoted juvenile delinquency. Many teenagers idolised Presley and Reverend Albert Carter claimed that he was an evil influence on the youth of our society, and further claimed Rock and Roll would turn teenagers into devil-worshipers. These statements prove that the Church tangle that Presley was an atrocity, corrupting the mind of the countrys teenagers.It is interesting to note that two of the sources, ( i ) and ( iii ), come from fairly important people in the establishment. One comment is from a politician and the other from a preacher, both respected people. However, these comments had the exact opposite effect of what was intended. Teenagers saw that these respected people did not like this music, and so bought it all the more. This is because teenagers now saw the music that members of the establishment were condemning as rebellious, and so when they bought this music their feelings of rebellion were incr eased. The comments of Billy Graham and Congressman Emmanuel Cellar had a pass effect.Source F is proof of Presleys success and popularity during the mid 1950s. In 1955 all songs in the top five list are ballads with Bill Hayes The lay of Davy Crockett at the top. However, next years results are much different. In 1956, Presley takes up four of the top five single spaces, with Dont Be Cruel/Hound hotdog at the top of the chart. This shows just how quickly Presley became popular, in the space of a year, from being a lorry driver he was now one of the countrys most famous people. He had become a sensation in one year. In 1957 Presley occupied three of the five top single spaces, and All infract Up at the top of the charts. His only rival was Pat Boone, dubbed the acceptable face of Rock and Roll. These results heavily contrast with the evidence from Source E and show that the majority of Americas society disagreed with their opinions. However, all evidence from Source E is from ad ults, racists and members of the establishment. His popularity was mainly with teenagers and it is them that promoted Presley to the top of these charts. Source F shows Presleys sudden impact on America that occurred just about overnight.4. By 1958, many attitudes had changed towards Presley, especially of those who were against him. One reason he became more acceptable was because his record company, RCA, was toning down his jut. They tried to make him more acceptable to the public by stopping his controversial movements during his performances. His songs were also toned down, his earlier work a lot more energetic than his later work. The reason for this was simple enough it would create a wider audience and a wider audience would equal more profit for RCA.Another factor that led to Presley becoming more acceptable was when he was conscripted to the army in 1958. In the eyes of the public, Presley willingly joined the army to serve for his country. Many people were surprised that Presley did not try to use his opulent or influence to buy his way out of service. People now saw him as a true jingoistic hero who would serve and die for his country. Those who erst disliked him now regarded him as somebody devoted to his country.However, it was only in the public eye that Presley wanted to conscript. It was one of the last things Presley wanted to do, but this render had to be maintained in order for him to gain popularity. RCA most likely convinced him to do it, as he would not do it of his own unfreeze will. For a start, Presleys mother was ill at the time of his conscription. This again could work to his advantage as the public saw him joining the army even though his mother was sick. Another thing Presley was worried about was that his popularity may dwindle while he was conscripted. However, RCA worked around this and released singles and merchandise so that he would not be forgotten while he was in the army.Many politicians saw Presley as an advantag e now that he had conscripted. They could now use Presley as a form of propaganda. This is because at that time the Cold War, a state of hostility between two countries without any military action, was occurring between the USA and the Soviet-Union. This was because they disagreed on their hearty ideology, the Soviet-Union in favour of communism and the USA in favour of democracy. Politicians used this event to promote American democracy and the American Dream, saying where else could a nonentity like Presley become a somebody so quickly.At the time the country was swept with anti-communist behaviour and hysteria, and many politicians used this to their advantage. Senator McCarthy was one such person. He got rid of many of his political and social enemies by accusing them of being communists, and having affiliations with communism. Many Americans were convinced by McCarthy that they were surrounded by communists who were plotting to undermine the American way of life.5. I both ag ree and disagree partially with this statement. Both Presleys impact and success was the result of these two factors. To begin with, his first television appearance was on the Dorsey Brothers Stage Show in 1956, followed by 15 other television appearances in the same year. In 1957, Presley made an appearance on the Milton Berle Show, which Sources B and C relate to. Source B shows us the negative impact Presley had as the New York Times, New York Journal and the Daily News describe Presley as having no singing ability and giving a display of primitive physical movement with grunt and groan antics. Source C contradicts these statements. It is an extract from Variety, an American television and radio magazine.It tell us that the Milton Berle show topped Phil Silvers Sergeant Bilko in the ratings for the first time all season. This shows how immensely popular Presley was, as he appeared on television numerous times which just added to his impact in America, whether it was good or bad. Ed Sullivan even stated that Elvis was alike big not to have on the show, and he was totally against the idea of Presley appearing on his show. Ed Sullivan, who had declared that Presley was not my cup of tea, arching to popular pressure and paid him $50,000 for three appearances. This shows the impact Presley had on television in America.Another television appearance that led to his fame and impact was his roles in Hollywood movies. He starred in films such as Love Me tender and King Cerole. These films were often sold out due to their immense popularity, probably not because of Presleys acting talent, just the fact that he starred in it. Many of Presleys fans protested when at the end of Love Me Tender, Presley died, so the end scene was shot again so that he survived. This shows just to what extent producers would go for Presley and his fans, as he had such an impact on television.However, were it not for his singing ability he would not have appeared on television at all, so P resleys musical talent must have also contributed to his impact. Source F shows us just how many people bought his record, so his musical talent must have contributed to his impact. If people only watched him on television for his performances, then why would they go out and buy his music if they did not like it? This must mean that Presleys music must have started Presleys impact. Hound Dog sold 1 million copies in just two weeks after it was released. In fact in 1956 he had four top five singles for that year, and in 1957 he had three top five singles for that year. This source just illustrates how popular Presleys music was on its own.When Presley appeared on television he performed his top songs. Now if nobody was interested in his musical talent, why not just interview him? In 1956 alone Presley sold 12,500,000 singles and 2,750,000 million albums. He sold 1,350,000 copies of Heartbreak Hotel, which was his first gold record. These tremendous figures provide further evidence th at his music contributed to his impact. Source A even tells us that Presley has six hit singles in the companys hit list of top-25 best sellers.Presleys musical and television coverage was very important in his career. However, something else caused Presleys impact. Source E shows the political, racist and religious impact that Presley had on society. Source E ( i ) is the statement from Congressman Emmanuel Cellar who says that Rock and Roll should stay with the coloured people but that it is not good enough for the whites. Source E ( ii ) shows the racist reaction of a member of the Ku Klux Klan whose plan is to do away with this cannibalistic, negro-loving rock and roller. This is a very important impact, no matter how controversial, as it is an impact on a group of people. In Source E ( iii ) the religious reaction is demonstrated when Billy Graham, an evangelical preacher claims he would not let his daughter cross the street to see Elvis. Another religious reaction is from the Reverend Albert Carter who states The effect of rock and roll on youthfulness people is to turn them into devil-worshippersand to stimulate self-expression through sexit is an evil influence on the youth of our society. This shows us the impact on the religious community.At first the whole idea of Presley was his image of rebelliousness. Although this changed by 1958 when Presley joined the army as shown by source G. This source shows Presley being illustrated as a patriotic hero for his country, and this had a massive impact on both his fans and those who did not like him. He was also made more acceptable as his image was toned down and his songs became much calmer, no longer shouting or brimming with energy, as he had been manufactured by RCA.These points and source of evidence prove my point that it was not just his television appearances or his music that had an impact, but the combination of both of them.

Perfect Competition Essay

For a commercialize to be suddenly war-ridden, one of the main criteria is that every last(predicate) bulletproofs (and consumers) atomic number 18 damage takers.The following conditions are also necessary1. There must be many buyers and cheat oners in the market for an identical product. 2. Firms products are identical. 3. Buyers and sellers must be fully informed slightly prices, products, and technology. 4. There are no barriers to entry (or exit). 5. Selling flyings are profit-maximizing entrepreneurial firms.The scenario about the ice cream assiduity depicts a perfectly competitive market. Buyers view vanilla ice cream from different stores as identical products, juvenile stores can enter the industry, and each store has no influence on the going market price.In perfect competition, many firms sell identical products to many buyers. Therefore, if Falero charges even slightly more for a box than other firms charge, it go forth lose all its customers because every oth er firm in the industry is offering a lower price. In other words, one of Faleros boxes is a perfect substitute for boxes from the factory next door or from any other factory. So, a perfectly competitive firm faces a perfectly resilient motive for its output at the current market price.In this case, the equilibrium market price is $5 per box, so Falero faces a perfectly elastic demand bend dexter for its boxes at $5.Since a perfectly competitive firm faces a perfectly elastic demand curve at the market price, it can sell any quantity it chooses at this price. Therefore, the change in list revenue that results from a one-unit increase in the quantity sold is equal to the market price, so the marginal revenue curve is a level line at the market price of $5 per box. Since the demand curve is also a horizontal line at the market price, the demand curve and the marginal revenue curve are the same.Economic profit equals total revenue minus total cost, so profit is at its maximum when the difference between total revenue and total cost is at its greatestEconomic profit is be as the difference between total cost and total revenue. At a price of $12,000, a profit-maximizing firm in a perfectly competitive market exit produce 4,000 hybrid vehicles per year, since this is the quantity where marginal cost equals the market price (which equals a competitive firms marginal revenue).Since profit is the difference between total revenue (TR) and total cost (TC), we can rewrite this expression asProfit = TR TCProfit = (P x Q) (ATC x Q)Profit = (P ATC) x QIn this case, profit = ($12,000 per vehicle $16,000 per vehicle) x 4,000 per vehicle= -$4,000 x 4,000 = -$16,000,000, which is an economic loss. This is the blue shaded area (labeled A) in the graph above.The firm will produce as long as the market price is above the shut discomfit price of 10 cents, so the firms add on curve corresponds to the portion of the marginal cost curve for prices above 10 cents. For exampl e, at 10 cents, the firm will produce 150,000 pairs of socks, so (150, 10) is a come in on the firms tally curve at 15 cents, the firm will produce 200,000 pairs of socks, so (200, 15) is another point.For prices infra 10 cents, the firm will not produce at all.The shutdown price of $2 marks the point at which ordinary inconsistent cost is at its minimum. In the pitiable run, when price is below $2, a firms variable cost exceed its total revenue, so the firm would maximize profits (minimize losses) by shutting down. The break-even price of $4 marks the point at which modal(a) total cost is at its minimum. In the long run, when price is below $4, a firms total costs exceed its total revenue, so the firm would maximize profits (minimize losses) by exiting the market.In the short run, the individual give curve for a firm is the portion of the marginal cost curve that corresponds to prices greater than and equal to the shutdown price of $2. In perfect competition, the market s how curve is just the horizontal sum of all the firms marginal cost curves. At prices below $2, firms will not produce in the short run. At $2, firms will produce a total of 3 yo-yos per firm x 100 firms = 300 yo-yos. Therefore, (300, 2) is a point on the short-run industry supplying curve. Similarly, at $3, firms will produce a total of 4 yo-yos per firm x 100 firms = 400 yo-yos. Therefore, (400, 3) is another point on the short-run industry supply curve. Use similar calculations to plot the rest of the market supply curve.The market price of $3 corresponds to a point on the MC curve that is between the firms ATC and AVC. Therefore, in the short run, although the firm cannot cover all its fixed costs, it will generate enough revenue to cover all its variable costs. The firm will ignore the fixed costs and produce in the short run. In the long run, the firm will shut down and exit the industry, since $3 is below the break-even (long-run exit) price. Because the firm can never cover its fixed costs, and the business runs at a loss, it is profit maximizing to exit the market. A firms short-run decision is not solely based on whether or not it incurs profits or losses. It depends on whether the market price is below or above its shutdown price, or minimum average variable cost. As long as the market price is above average variable cost, a firm will produce in the short run since it is covering its variable cost. In cases where there are fixed costs and price is equal to or just above the shutdown price, this will mean that the average total cost is higher than the market price, which leads to losses. However, in the short run, a firms decision to produce is independent of any fixed costs, so even if it cannot cover fixed costs and earn profits, it will produce nonetheless.If the price exceeds the marginal cost of increasing output by one unit, the firm will produce another unit. It keeps increasing its output until it reaches a point where increasing output by o ne more unit has a marginal cost that is greater than marginal revenue (in this case, the going market price).In this example, the marginal cost of increasing output from five to six units is less than the market price. The marginal cost of increasing output from six to cardinal units is greater than the market price. So, the firm stops at six units. This is its profit-maximizing quantity.The table below summarizes the firms marginal cost.The firm considers its minimum variable cost in its short-run achievement decisions. It will produce in the short run if the market price is equal to or greater than its minimum average variable cost. That is, as long as it can cover its variable costs, it will produce in the short run.The firm considers its minimum average total cost in its long-run production decisions. It will produce in the long run if the market price is equal to or greater than its minimum average total cost that is, as long as the firm at least breaks even in its economic profits.The table below summarizes the firms average variable cost, which equals average total cost since there is no fixed costThe initial long-run equilibrium was at the intersection of the initial industry short-run supply and demand curves (S100 and D1) at coordinates (4,000, 65). After the change in consumer preferences, the long-run equilibrium is at the intersection of the new industry short-run supply and demand curves (S70 and D2) at coordinates (2,000, 60). The long-run industry supply curve will pass through these long-run equilibrium points, so you should have placed each of the black points (X symbols) at these coordinates.Notice that this industry is an increasing-cost industry. That is, an increase in demand increases factor prices. Firms stop entering the market and expanding production at a higher equilibrium market price because the price at which zero profit is made has risen. Therefore, the long-run supply curve is upward sloping.In the long run, firms in a perf ectly competitive market enter and exit the market without barriers, and they make zero economic profit. The reasoning goes as follows if firms make economic profits, new firms will enter the market, shifting the market supply curve to the right until the market price has fallen enough such(prenominal) that no firm is earning economic profit and there is no longer incentive to enter. If firms are incurring economic losses, firms will exit the market, the market supply curve will shift to the left, and the market price will rise until firms make zero economic profit. So, in the long run, firms are operating at the break-even point, or the minimum of the short-run average total cost curve AND the long-run average total cost curve.

Film about “Cleopatra” Essay

Cleopatra is depicted as a strikingly beautiful. loyal but manipulative enchantress. seeping muliebrity as she seduces the two most powerful work forces in Egypt. Marc Antony and Julius Caesar. A inquiry this raises is. was she an insecure Queen who felt that she necessitate a more powerful adult male to assist procure her topographic point on the thr hotshot of her darling Egypt. instead than lose it to single of them? As shown in the 2005 Television production Rome Cleopatra is seen desiring to acquire pregnant by Caesar to procure her place. but in the terminal she didnt have both scruples if person else fathered the kid. she would go through it off as Caesars.Cleopatra is shown on movie as an about lovingness being and an intelligent adult female. In the 1934 production. Cleopatra tells Antony as she kisses his manus I am no longer Queen. I am a adult female. This suggests that in that peculiar minute. she is leting her emotions to govern. possibly even locomotion as far to state that as a Queen she is rather a stony and difficult character. but as an ordinary adult female. she is leting herself to love. In the 1963 movie. Cleopatra speaks of One World. one state. life in peace. This once more shows her caring nature that she wants the universe to populate in harmoniousness. In existent life. this could be a instead obvious mention to the UN and halting war. Again. in the 1963 production. a instead sexist comment is made about Cleopatra If she wasnt a adult female. one might believe shes an mind. This Roman word picture shows Cleopatra to be a clever and smart Queen. but as she is female. she is non given full recognition.In most Television and movie productions of Cleopatra. she is seen as a beautiful Goddess with tonss of make up and dressed in excessive costumes and jewelry to demo her wealth. This portraiture of her makes her side about high care and authoritative. However. the Roman coins. which reveal her portrayal. decipher Cleopatra as less of a beauty but about beldams like. As these coins are the lone(prenominal) piece of history that show what Cleopatra may hold looked like. I think it is a instance that this is one word picture that has been glamorised by Television and movie. passim the old ages as assorted productions have been filmed. the actresses playing Cleopatra have changed in visual aspect e. g. their ethnicity. which may demo a alteration in how confederation sees her. This shows how the universe has changed by leting more cultural groups into the universe of moving.Television and movie seem to develop the word pictures of Cleopatra to suit in with the universe in which we persist at the clip of which the production was made. It would look that the Roman word pictures of Cleopatra seem accurate in footings of her character. wealth and excessive life style but non her expressions. as this is the lone incompatibility against the historical artifacts we have. As clip and society alteration. we may neer c ognize the true individuality of Cleopatra.

Nursing in the Community Essay

In this assignment the topics discussed is a nursing problem related to a health check diagnosis taking from an example of a uncomplaining dealt with while the nursing student was out on clinical placement. For this assignment the patient has a diagnosis of Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus. Kevin Brophy (pseudonym) is a 9 year old boy that had come into the Paediatric Unit. He is of the Roman Catholic religion. He lives with only his start out and she is educated about his disease of Diabetes. His comes sister is a nurse as well and knew how to manage his Diabetes and looked after him if his mother was busy. The multidisciplinary team have been treating him for the conformation for 4 years. He gets hospitalized often to regulate his kind dent levels and monitor his insulin brain nestling. The nursing problem associated with his diagnosis is related to his fare and nutritional status and creation competent to monitor these with caution and ease. The nurse had a form for filling o ut what had he eaten that day and what time this had happened at in the end of do chart which was with his other documentation such as his merry signs and also the smooth-spoken end intake and out purge chat.There was also a partition in this form for documenting what level his blood sugars were and was directed to take record of them after every meal. The nurse then had an ideaof what sort of food he was eating and also a report of his blood sugars which were monitored closely throughout the day. The nurses primary responsibility was to ensure this boy was eating correctly and noteing the dietetic guidelines of a Diabetic patient. The cast of assessment/care used to treat Kevin was devised from Roper, Logan and Tierney (1980). The Roper, Logan and Tierneys body process of living (AL) model of nursing consists of twelve activities of living. According to Aggleton & Chalmers (2000 P46), from each one AL specifies a relatively distinct type of human behaviour related to mee ting a particular need.Information was obtained from a booklet containing facts and advice on Diabetes and Healthy Eating from the Department of Health and Dietetics in Waterford Regional Hospital. This has described diabetes as a condition where the body is unable to control the amount of glucose i.e. sugar in the blood. Everyones blood has some glucose in it because your body needs glucose for energy. Normally your body breaks food down into glucose and sends it to the bloodstream. Insulin, a hormone made by the pancreas, helps to get the glucose from the bloodstream into the cells to be used for energy. In people with Type 2 Diabetes, the pancreas is not making enough insulin or is unable to use the insulin flop, or both. In people with Type 1 Diabetes, the pancreas is unable to make insulin full stop. Without insulin in the body, the blood glucose rises (Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Waterford Regional Hospital 2006). To manage diabetes in pedology is primarily challe nging and much more complicated than dealing with the diagnosis in adults with Diabetes (DH Diabetes Policy Team 2007, Christie et al 2009).Nurses have to educate and facilitate the self-importance management of Diabetes and also introduce skills to gain the best possible control over the patients blood sugars i.e. glycaemic control. If these skills are not executed properly then diseases such as micro-vascular e.g. nephropathy or retinopathy or cardiovascular diseases (macro-vascular), which decreases the quality of life and a reduced life span (The Diabetes run across and Complications field of operation Group,1994). The nurses and patients responsibility is to monitor and control the intake of food and also be educated on what can have a negative or corroboratory effect on the body. This is a major nursing problem associated with the Diabetic patient andintervention by the nurse is necessary throughout. In doing so, the nurse moldiness follow the nurse Process in relation to their diet. AssessmentPatients diagnosed with type 1 Diabetes are assessed for signs of Diabetic Ketoacidosis, including ketonuria, Kussmaul respirations, orthostatic hypotension, and lethargy. The patient is asked about symptoms of DKA, such as nausea, vomiting, and abdominal pain. Laboratory results are monitored for metabolic acidosis (i.e. decreased pH and decreased bicarbonate level) and for electrolyte imbalance. If the patient exhibits signs and symptoms of DKA, the nursing care first focuses on treatment of these neat complications, as outlined earlier. Once these complications are resolving, nursing care then focuses on long-term management of diabetes. The patients emotional status is assessed by observing his or her general demeanour (e.g., withdrawn, anxious) and body language (e.g., avoids eye contact). The patient is asked about major concerns and fears about diabetes this allows the nurse to assess for any misconceptions or misinformation regarding diabetes. The nur se is also assessing the vital signs of the patient such as temperature, respiration, blood pressure etc. and develops a baseline of these results. In this case the patients normal vital signs were as follows Temperature- 36.4, Blood Pressure- 114/70, Respiration rate- 18 breaths per minute.Nursing DiagnosisBased on the assessment data, the main diagnoses the nurse must adhere to are as following Risk for fluid muckle deficit in relation to polyuria and dehydration, imbalanced nutrition related to imbalance of insulin, food, and physical activity. The main ones that are focused on in this essay are the imbalance of insulin and the patients diet.PlanningThe major goals for the patient may include maintenance of fluid and electrolyte balance, optimum control of blood glucose levels. The nurse would political platform suitable charts and regimes for the patient to follow. Intake andoutput are measured. IV fluids and electrolytes are administered as prescribed, and oral fluid intake is encouraged when it is permitted. Vital signs are monitored hourly for signs of dehydration (tachycardia, orthostatic hypotension) along with assessment of breath sounds, level of consciousness, presence of oedema, and cardiac status. If the patient agrees with the diet plan and increases his fruit and vegetable intake this can highly optimise nutritional health, promote a healthy image and reduce the chances of obesity (Lock et al., 2005). In Diabetes, diet is a chief obstacle in the control of the condition (Watson et. al 1997). The patients goals in agreeing with a healthy diet for their Diabetes are as follows 1) To regulate and sustain lipid levels and blood glucose back to their normal state. 2) To avoid fluctuations in their blood glucose levels during the day. 3)To manage and control a desirable body weight. 4) To keep open or hinder the growth or advancement of renal, neurological or cardiovascular difficulties (Watson et. al 1997). The nurse should introduce a dietary plan for the patient with the Diabetes. This controls the amount of calories that are needed for each day and the magnitude of these calories to be assigned to carbohydrate, protein and lipids. This is determined by a persons age, weight, gender, activity and their dietary intake before they discovered the disease. In general, the amount of targeted calories allocated to each food type is in the region of 50-60% carbohydrate, 10-15% protein and under 30% of fat (Rees and Williams,1995). In the diet, the concentrate sugars should be strictly limited e.g. sweets, jam, cake, and should only represent a minute part of a meal to prevent rapid increase in the blood sugar levels. The unrefined carbohydrates such as whole-meal bread, fruit and vegetables, and also fibre-rich foods, should be consumed as an alternative to the refined carbohydrates as mentioned before.ImplementationMeal planning is put into practice, with the control of glucose as the primary goal. The nurse must consider fa ctors before beginning to intervene such as the patients lifestyle, cultural background, activity level, and their food preferences. A suitable caloric intake allows the patient to achieve and maintain the desired body weight. The nurse would encourage thepatient to eat complete and wholesome meals including snacks that have been prescribed in the diet that the team has devised for Kevin. The nurse needs to take into consideration of the fluid intake and keeps records of IV and other fluid intake, also record urine output measurements. Hypoglycaemia is the most dreaded acute difficulty in the disease of Diabetes, and can be a major factor in the hindering of the metabolic control in the body. Night-time hypoglycaemia states, more common in the paediatric side of Diabetes, places an immense worry for the child themselves but also the parents, as it more likely to go unnoticed and care for (Nordfeldt S, Ludvigsson J 2005). Hypoglycaemia may occur if the patient skips or delays meals, does not follow the prescribed meal plan, or greatly increases the amount of exercise without modifying food intake and insulin. In addition, hospitalized patients or outpatients who fast in preparation for symptomatic testing are at risk for hypoglycaemia. Juice, milk, or glucose tablets are used for treatment of hypoglycaemia. The patient is encouraged to eat full meals and snacks as prescribed in the meal plan. If hypoglycaemia is a recurring problem, the whole dietary plan must be looked over and improved if needed. The risk of hypoglycaemia with rigorous insulin routines, it is of the level best importance for the nurse to review with the patient the signs and symptoms, possible causes, and measures for prevention and treatment of hypoglycaemia. The nurse should emphasise to the patient and family the importance of having information on diabetes at household for reference.EvaluationAfter putting this plan into practice, the nurse found that it helped in the treatment and care of Kevin Brophy in managing and controlling his Diabetes. After following the Roper Logan and Tierney model of Nursing it helped understand his Activities of Daily Living and how the patient could work his new dietary plan into these ADLs and control his blood glucose to prevent hypoglycaemia. Kevin will also be able to be knowledgeable of and carry out duties in a way to control his diabetes mellitus and also maintain adequate fluid volume in the body. He will be able to monitor his blood glucose periodically throughout the day, administer his own insulin, increase his own fluid balance and monitor his urine output. He should demonstrate a participation in activities that include having a proper diet, exercise andlifestyle (Palandri, M.K. 1993). He also should be wary of and identify community, outpatient resources for obtaining further diabetes education.ConclusionTo conclude, Kevin will need continuous assessment and advice on managing and controlling his Diabetes diagnosis. He will need support from his mother and also help from the multidisciplinary team that works with him and his mother in the hospital. In following the Roper Logan and Tierney model he will then be able to manage his ADLs better and be more understanding with the condition of Diabetes. He will be able to control his dietary intake and follow a routine throughout life to deal with his diagnosis.ReferencesAggleton, P., Chalmers, H. (2000)Nursing Models and Nursing Practice. (2nd edn). London Macmillan.Lock, K., Pomerleau, J., Causer, L., Altmann, D.R. & McKee, M. (2005) The global burden of disease attributable to low consumption of fruit and vegetables. Bull. World. Health. Organ. 83, cytosine8.Nordfeldt S, Ludvigsson J. Fear and other disturbances of severe Hypoglycaemia in Children and Adolescents with Type 1 Diabetes. J. Pediatr. Endocrinol. Metab. 2005 18 8391.Palandri, M.K. and Sorrentino, C.R. (1993). Black and Matassarin Jacobs, Pocket Companion for Luckmann and Sorensens Medic al operative Nursing A Psychophysiologic Approach. 4th Edition. W.B. Saunders. The Diabetes Control and complications Study Group (1994) Effect of intensive diabetes treatment on the development and progression of long-term complications in adolescents with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus Diabetes Control and Complications Trial Research Group. J. Pediatr. 125, 177188.Waterford Regional Hospital (2006) Department of Nutrition and DieteticsWatson et. al (1997) Clinical Nursing and Related Sciences 5th edn. Bailliere Tindall, 24-28 Oval Road, London NW1 7DX.Patricia Power Sorcha Dineen Miriam Cass 20053881 Patricia Chesser Smyth Nursing in the Community Module Leaders

Resp Mechanics Lab 1

respiratory Mechanics 1 Note there is an error in your lab book The starting universal gas constant for the flow subway system diameter should be 5mm in each experiment and NOT 6mm. Use your information processing system link to ADAm for this part of this weeks lab. You are also responsible for the PowerPhys lab report. measuring rod Normal Respiratory Volumes 1) Calculate the pure respiratory volume using the tidal volume and breaths per minute (pump rate). 2) Define the following terms a. Respiration- The act of breathing, inhaling and exhaling. b. Alveoli- located at the ends of the bronchiole, bloodline sacs in the lungs where the exchange of atomic number 8 and carbon dioxide takes place. . Diaphragm- the partition separating the thoraciccavity from the abdominal cavity. http//dictionary. reference. com/browse/diaphragm In the following knock back are the data calculated during a restricted air flow test. Use these data to settlement the following questions. FEV1 as % of Vital Capacity Radius FEV1 Vital Capacity FEV1 (%) 5 3541 4791 73. 9 4. 5 2503 3143 73. 3 4 1422 1962 72. 4 3. 5 822 1150 71. 4 3 436 621 70. 2 3) What affect does reducing the radius of the air flow tube on respiratory volumes? Reducing radius of the air flow tube decreases respiratory volume.Effects of Surfactant on Respiratory Volumes 4) How does wetter affect the tidal volume? It minimizes fall out tensity in the alveoli which makes it easier for the alveoli to increase surface area for gas exchange. 5) How does addition of surfactant affect the total air flow into the lungs? It affects the total airflow because it allows the air flow into the lungs to be increased because resistance is lowered. 6) Why does surfactant have the affect that it does on total air flow? It minimizes the tension at the surface, which allows the alveoli to increase surface area for gas exchangewe can breathe more and easily. ) Emphysema is a lung condition that results in a(n) in the tidal volume of the lungs. d. Emphysema decreases tidal volume of the lungs. Effects of Thoracic Cavity pierce 8) What happens in pneumothorax? Pneumothorax is also called a collapsed lung. A collapsed lung can occur for a number of reasons. It could be a result of an injury, a medical condition, or it can happen without reason. It occurs when there is a build up of air around the lungs, and this causes pressure, which keeps the lung from expanding to its normal capacity when breathing.

How the Internet Effect Culture

Evaluate how the mesh has impacted agri burnish Introduction Nowadays internet have been effected some(prenominal) an(prenominal) atomic number 18as of our shipway of life, work and the husbandry really much. Primarily, I need to position the glossiness, culture refers to the Culture consists of model, explicit and implicit, of and for behavior acquired and transmitted by symbols, constituting the distinctive execution of human groups, including their embodiments in artifacts. Hofestede, 1997) According to Brown, A (1995)and Schein, E (1994), a simple of way defining culture is shared importee and behavior rules, thats basic means that the culture need to communication or shared and behavior rules in the groups This easy will evaluate how the internet has impacted culture. Internet effect culture solely in variety of different ways, these could divide by positive and negative effect on culture in totally.People have different ideas as for the topic some people believe t hat the internet brought so many negatives for us. However, I will attempt to demonstrate that the positive effect of internet on development, stinting and communication in the es place. It is clear that internet have many benefits effect on culture. With the easy availableness of info, cultures have been able to advance in many ways.Education is a particularly way in which achievement of culture has occurred, recently, People can learn about anything using the internet. For poser there are many organizations and companies set up the training class online, such as the business skill, accounting, art and some else corresponding these are slowly popular in common, and in addition there are some school drive the distance education, in solvent of that students neednt to go to school.The above evidence illustrates that the internet amend the education advancement and people can be easy get a lots of culture and also study knowledge by themselves online. (Chad Stetson,) Cultures have also advanced economically according to Hermeking, M. (2005) discuss that the internet allow for marketing and selling products and by comparison, nowadays there are more shopping ways than before, and so many people choose shopping online, some shopping websites like EBay and ASOS.And in other(a) hand, the business are growing because the internet allow the firms could be base on internet, for example, Face record is a company solely run on the internet, moreover some companies have a operate online, such as the stock market and bank online as well, you can focus on information that change and add, at all(prenominal) time and anywhere. From the above analysis, it can be seen that the internet also caused that the culture advanced economically, the business are more efficiency and readily. Hermeking, M. (2005) It is evident that internet increased the culture of communication.For example according to Karen Boyajy Doctoral Candidate (2004) the internet has been became societ ys primary source of communication, and the e-mail is a excellent way to communicate with people and send files, for instances photos and documents and some else like these, in the same way, the well-disposed networking such as Facebook and Twitter allow people communicate in real time by status updates and these social net-working are the most popularity nowadays it became the mainstream culture ,people communicate their ideas the daily life via these blogs and schmoose forums.To sum up internet increased the culture of communication, and bring the benefits which are people could enjoy the sport make the friends from divagation place and also more convenience than before. both(prenominal) authors take the opposite resume that there is much ill-judged information on internet.Nowadays, in the whole of the internet environment every one could set websites by themselves, therefore the contents are hard to hard to differentiate surrounded by them, and also in some legitimate web sites have many mendacious advertisement and usually these information order to obtain the profit to make the unrealistic result the medicine is a practically example. Some people want to lose weight by medicine instead of exercise as result of that buy these false products online. Once people to search it probably get the damage for them health.Some people, however, claim that collectible to the companies and Hackers caused the uses loneliness get threaten. According to the Morgan (2012) the hackers steal more than 6. 5 Million Passwords, according to Norwegian website Dagens. some(prenominal) of those hacked passwords have now been decrypted. And in addition, the iOS App Leaks User Info. The problem affects users that enable the feature which allows them to view their iOS calendar inside the app, reckoner crime have many harms in various areas for example the Transnational nature of computer crime and the loss is big, development is rapid, wide range. Enotes) Not everyone agre es with the above claims, the internet promote the globalization culture. And in result of that a lots of cultures are losing (Hubpages). The cultures of the countries that have more powerful than others, because, the rich countries produce many things that can effect cultures, there are many evidences could be demonstrate, For example . the clothes, the Hollywood movies have the regular army culture and technologic products such as Apples electronics.Owing to the push of globalization some countries people are ignorant and follow blindly to absorb new culture and give up the original culture of them. Therefore, globalization damages small cultures which in risk of being extinct (NaikLast 2011) Probably, these views may seem persuasive, however as for first contrasting ideas are not certain ideas. Although, there the so many incorrect information and false adverting online, the most websites are academic normal and credible, such as Englands website the BBC news (2012) and the US AS American VOICE RIDIO and the Chinas CCTV NEWS.People could be get the information from these websites. much(prenominal) as the business news sports music anything else like these. Constitutionally these websites are usually given the worthy information and knowledge.. As for the second contrasting idea while this claim may seem credible at first, because of the damage are huge and seriously, as for the activities to steal others people privacy to profit is a criminal act. The all of the governments or others specialize department will adopt the ways to solving and demarcation line these situation. ENOTES) The third contrasting ideas in reality, however, this view is not very persuasive because the push of the globalization culture are challenge and opportunities, the reasons why these new culture probably new force and passion, moreover it could improving the culture of them, and in addition, learn the new culture keep the step of the world dont seclude the country from the o utside world. Because the whole of the world are absorbing the difference culture from difference for example the Hollywood movies are always using the difference culture in it such as the kungfu panda combine the Chinese culture and America culture (2004)In the end of the presentation, I would like to say something. The internet will continue to change our cultures in many ways with future advances and increasing usage. It is very important to study the effects it produces so we can learn how to limit the negative effects and hike up the positive effects. By studying these effects, we can ensure that the future holds great possibilities References list (n. d)http//ruud. hubpages. com/hub/Disadvantages-of-Globalization McKenzie E (n,d,) The blow of the Internet on Globalization retrieved from http//www. ehow. om/info_12040126_impact-internet-globalization. html The Advantages & Disadvantages of The Internet Available at http//www. pondered. org/the_internet. html Justyna P disall ow Effects of Internet Usage Available at http//www. ehow. com/info_8115765_negative-effects-internet-usage. html (no date)(Accessed26 March 2013) Morgan G, Cross (2012) Hackers withdraw 6. 5 Million Passwords iOS App Leaking User Info Available athttp//searchenginewatch. com/clause/2182542/LinkedIn-Hackers-Steal-6. 5-Million-Passwords-iOS-App-Leaking-User-Info http//instagram. om/about/legal/privacy/(2012)(Accessed26 March 2013) Carney1 R (2009) The Internets Impact on Culture Shifting the rest to the Center pp. 355_364 Vol. 9, No. 4, Hermeking, M. (2005). Culture and Internet consumption Contributions from cross-cultural marketing and advertising research. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication, 11(1), article 10. 10TH October 2012 http//www. bbc. co. uk/webwise/guides/what-is-the-internet Mazzarella W (2004) CULTURE, GLOBALIZATION, MEDIATION Annual Review of Anthropology 33, Academic Research Library pg. 345 http//www. enotes. com/internet-article

The European Court of Justice and the Supremacy of Ec Law

THE EUROPEAN COURT OF JUSTICE AND THE SUPREMACY OF EC police force I. INTRODUCTION In the making and promulgation of residential district equity of nature, the European butterfly of arbiter (ECJ) plays a signifi hatfult role. Many of the essential school of thoughts of EC fair play ar non to be found in the Treaties, or cooperateary EC commandment, but in the theatrical role healthyity of the European solicit. No preparation of the con imprintity on European Union (TEU) contains an express term regulating the issue of the victory among the confederation and the various field of study justnesss of the appendage States.The only imp delusiond reference to the issue of hitment is name 101 of the TEU which imposes a responsibility on whole instalment States to adopt appropriate measures to ensure that the financial obligations of the conformity argon observed, together with an excess duty to abstain from each in all acts which might adventure the achievem ent of the objectives of the Treaty. Article 10 states that Member States shall deal all appropriate measures, whether general or elementicular, to ensure fulfillment of the obligations arising out of this Treaty or issuinging from perform taken by the institutions of the corporation.They shall facilitate the achievement of the conjunctions tasks. They shall abstain from any measure which could jeopardise the attainment of the objectives of this Treaty. . Thus, the belief of the supremacy of Community righteousness oer field of study police was first ceremonious by the European address of Justice whose role is explicitly stated in Article 2202 of the TEU The judicial system of Justice shall ensure that in the interpretation and performance of this Treaty the law is observed. Prior to an analysis of the dogma of supremacy and the relevant oddball law and implementation of the doctrine, an introduction into the composition, structure and practices of the European co urt of law of Justice (ECJ) will be followed. THE EUROPEAN COURT OF JUSTICE Composition and Structure The ECJ, to which the Court of First antecedent (CFI) is attached, is the juridic branch of the Community. It has been exposit by Shaw as a heroin figure in the outgrowth of the EU. The ECJ, which sits in Luxembourg, straightaway has 15 dotle who are assisted by 9 Advocate-Generals (AGs).each Member State (MS) is entitled to appoint a judge of its own depicted objectity. The appointment of all adjudicate is readd by Article 223 TEU3 to be by common match of the G everyplacenments of the Member States. The term of portion is six years and the appointment of new resolve or reappointment (for an opposite term) of the existing judges is staggered so that t here will be a partial replacement of judges every 3 years. The judges select peerless of their number to be President of the Court for a renewable term of 3 years. The President snips the work of the Court and presid es at hearings and deliberations.The ECJ is assisted by 9 AGs. Five of the 9 AGs should be appointed by the 5 largest Member States, the remaining to be appointed by the other Member States on a dust of rotation. Their duty, which is set out in Art. 222 TEU4 is, to force, in open judgeship, reasoned submissions on cases brought in advance the ECJ with complete impartiality and independence. 5 The qualifications for selection, method of appointment and conditions of office of the Attorney Generals are the same as for the judges of the Court. The qualifications for selection as a judge of the ECJ are stated in Article 223 TEU6 and require persons whose independence is beyond doubt and who possess the qualifications required for appointment to the highest judicial offices in their respective countries or who are jurisconsults of recognised competence. Furthermore, judges whitethorn non hold any other political or administrative office while they are members of the Court. In acco rdance with their respective traditions, certain Member States perk up appointed academics to sit as judges, whereas others such as the U. K. progress to nominated existing national judges or practicing advocates.Although states tend to select their own nationals, the Treaty clearly requires that the judges be entirely in parasitic of their national g everywherenments. Judging from the nature of the ECJ? s jurisprudence, the wishes of man-to-man Member States nurse had little influence on its finalitys-making. Under Article 221 TEU7 the ECJ is permitted to sit in Chambers of 3 or 5 as easily as in plenary session. The woo will, however sit in plenary session when a Member State or a Community Institution which is party to the proceedings so requests, or in particularly complex or important cases.The fundamental law of the Court is regulated by a separate Protocol to the EC Treaty Protocol on the Statute of the Court of Justice. Matters of cognitive assist are regulat ed by this Protocol, including the content of oral and written pleadings, citation of witnesses, costs and expenses etc. The chore of everyplace burdening the Court apparently continues to grow8 despite the temporary easing of the caseload which the establishment of the CFI, in 1988 initially brought about.Other than the cost on a point of law from the decisions of the CFI to the ECJ, there is no further appeal from the judgments of the ECJ, which is the ultimate or arbitrary Court of the EC. The Court of First Instance (CFI) Composition The Single European make a motion, (1988) authorised the Council of Ministers to pee a CFI to alleviate the volume of work before the ECJ. The aim of the creation of the CFI in 1989 was to strengthen the judicial safeguards available to individuals by introducing a second tier of judicial authority and enabling the ECJ to concentrate on its essential task, the uniform interpretation of Community law.The CFI consists of 15 judges who are appoi nted by arranging in the midst of Member States for periods of 6 years. There are no permanent AGs. The duties of an AG are performed by one of the judges. Jurisdiction The CFI does not extend the jurisdiction of the ECJ, but rather, it achievements certain aspects of the Courts functions. The jurisdiction extends to the pursuit classes of cases staff cases competition cases cases down the stairs(a) the ECSC Treaty anti-dumping cases It has no jurisdiction to hear preliminary rulings. Furthermore, consort to Art. 25 TEU, decisions of the CFI are subject to an appeal to the ECJ on points of law only. Enforcement of EC integrity in home(prenominal) Courts Like any true burdenive system, the Community healthy system needs an doin employ system of judicial safeguards when Community law is challenged or moldiness be applied. The ECJ, as the judicial institution of the Community, is the guts of that system of safeguards. It is responsible for interpreting disbeliefs of EC law and provision is do in the Treaty for references to the ECJ by national butterflys.Decisions of the ECJ, upon a reference, are reached by majority vote and are binding on all domestic courts of all Member States. Under Article 234 TEU9 it is provided that The Court of Justice shall take up jurisdiction to confound preliminary rulings concerning a) The interpretation of the Treaty b) The validity and interpretation of acts of the institutions of the Community where such a question is brocaded before any court of a Member State that court.. whitethorn, if it considers that a decision on the question is unavoidable to enable it to add judgment, request the ECJ to give a ruling..Where any such question is raisedbefore a court of a Member State against whose decisions there is no judicial remedy under national law, the courtshall bring the matter before the Court. It is through this Article that the ECJ has achieved the principle of supremacy and its uniform application in all Member States when Community law may be in remainder with domestic legislation. In CILFIT (1983) the ECJ emphasised that the purpose of the then Art. 177 was to ensure the meet application and uniform interpretation of EC law in all Member States.However, preliminary references procedure depends on the activeness of cooperation in the midst of the ECJ and national courts. The power to ask for a preliminary ruling rests but with the national court and the power of the ECJ is limited to an interpretation of EC law10. In procedural terms, individuals unbosom dedicate no right of appeal to the ECJ and the national court can decide whether a reference is necessary the Court? s judgements are still, in theory, at least, only disposed(p) on points of interpretation and validity.However, following the many changes that the Community has gone under, the ECJ? s role has been evolutionary, siting at the apex of the Community judicial hierarchy. The change magnitude emphasis whi ch the ECJ places on Article 10 TEU, rendering Community law applicable to national courts as nearly as to the political arm of Member States, is merely one important manifestation of this process in operation. The Community as a whole is in a state of transition, and it would be strike if the descent between the ECJ and the national courts were to remain immune from the wider changes.As the Community moves towards a closer amicable and political union, one could well expect the ECJ to cement its position at the apex of the judicial hierarchy. II. THE doctrine OF SUPREMACY PRINCIPLE The ECJ, as the defender of sub judiceity and instrument of cohesion inside the Community, has, from the start been in a strong position to define the status of Community law and to give it anteriority when in conflict with the national legal systems of the various Member States. The first case where the Court made a statement on the nature of European law is the famous case of caravan Gend en L oos v.Netherlands (1963)11 dealing with the principle of direct core group of EC Treaty provisions and the degree to which individuals can rely on such terms to challenge measures of national law. In that case, which will be dealt with in detail later(prenominal) on, the ECJ stated that The objective of the EEC Treaty, which is to establish a Common Market, the functioning of which is of direct concern to concerned parties in the Community, implies that this Treaty is more than an agreement which merely creates mutual obligations between the contracting statesThe Community constitutes a new legal rig of international law for the benefit of which the states have limited their free rights, albeit indoors limited fields, and the subjects of which comprise not only Member States but overly their nationals. The reasoning of the Court in the case is brief and apart from its elaboration on the belief of direct load, where it stressed the need for direct enforcement by national cou rts of Community norms, little more was said about the need for national courts to accord primacy to EC law over conflicting national law.The Courts focus in Van Gend was on whether Article 12 (customs duties on imports from Member States to other Member States) could give rise to so-called direct effects the immediate enforceability in national courts by individual applicants of Treaty provisions so that an individual could rely on and have that Article enforced before domestic courts. The approach of the Court was based on the Courts vision of the gracious of Community which those Treaties had set out to create, and the kind of legal system which the effective creation of such a Community would necessitate.It was in a second important case, two years later, however, that the ECJ expanded on its radical theory of the Community, declaring again that the states had created a sovereign Community by limiting their own sovereign rights. The case was Costa v. ENEL (1964)12 and the incidents were as follows An individual was claiming before his local court that the law nationalising production and distribution of electricity was different with the EC Treaty. The local court referred the question to the ECJ for a preliminary ruling.The ECJ in its judgment emphasised the unlimited duration of the Community, the autonomy of Community power, both inner(a)ly and externally, and especially the limitation of competence or permute of powers from the states to the EC. The Court was determined to enter that the words and spirit of the treaty necessarily implied that It is impossible for the states to set up a subsequent nonreversible measure against a legal order which they have real on a reciprocal al-Qaeda.The Court found the primacy of EC law confirmed by the wording of Article 189 EC Treaty13 under which regulations have binding force and are immediately applicable in all Member States. The Court pointed out that this provision which is not qualified by any reservation would be meaningless if a state would unilaterally nullify its effect by center of legislative measures which could prevail over EC law.The Court was thus able to reach a decision in Costa in words which have become classic and have had considerable influence in national decisions It follows from all these observations that the law stemming from the Treaty, an independent source of law could not, because of its special and original nature, be overridden by domestic legal provisions, however framed, without universe deprived of its character as Community law and without the legal basis of the Community itself being called into question.The transfer by the states from their domestic legal system to the Community legal system of rights and obligations arising under the Treaty carries with it a permanent limitation of their sovereign rights against which a subsequent unilateral act in congenial with the concept of the Community cannot prevail. As in the case of Van Gend, the Court made no reference to the constitution of any particular Member State to date whether such a transfer or limitation of sovereignty was contemplated or tear down was possible in accordance with that constitution. Furthermore, the Court force on the spirit and the aims of the Treaty to conclude that it was impossible for the Member States to accord primacy to domestic laws. The spirit of the Treaty required that they all act with equal diligence to give full effect to Community laws which they had accepted on the basis of state reciprocity meaning presumably that since each state was equally skip over by laws passed for the Community as a whole, they had all agreed that no one of them would unilaterally pick at from Treaty obligations.And since the aims of the Treaty were those of integration and co-operation, their achievement would be undermined by one Member State refusing to give effect to a Community law which, should bind all. In Van Gend and Costa v. Enel the Cou rt set out its theorical basis for the principle of supremacy of Community law. The force and practicable application of the principle became clearer still in its later decisions. In the following case, the Court made clear that the legal status of a onflicting national measure was not relevant to the question whether Community law should take precedence not even a fundamental rule of national constitutional law could, of itself, be invoked to challenge the supremacy of a directly applicable EC law Internationale Handelsgesellschaft v. Einfuhr (1970)14 Recourse to the legal rules or concepts of national law in order to judge the validity of measures adopted by the institutions of the Community would have an adverse effect on the uniformity and efficacy of Community law. The validity of such measures can only be judged in the light of Community law.The validity of a Community measure or its effect inwardly a Member State cannot be affected by allegations that it runs counter to eit her fundamental rights as formulated by the constitution of that state or the principles of a national constitutional structure. This decision gave rise for some time to a potentially serious deadlock in relations between the German constitutive(a) Court, which held that the Community deposit system bucked a fundamental provision of the national legal order, and the ECJ, which denied that national constitutional principles could have any effect on the domestic applicability of Community law. just utmost-off from backing off from its claims, the Court continued to emphasise the importance of ensuring that the supremacy of Community law was not simply a matter of principle or of theory only, but was given operable effect by all national courts in cases arising before them. It is however, enkindle to note that following this case, the ECJ evolved the concept of EU fundamental rights declaring them to be general principles of law that the Court will apply within the modelling of Community lawIn Simmenthal SPA (1978)15 an Italian judge was faced with a conflict between a Council Regulation on the common organisations of the market in beef and veal and the Italian veterinarian and public health laws. Under Italian law, domestic legislation contrary to EC Regulations may be held to be unconstitutional but only by such declaration from the Constitutional Court and not by the ordinary courts. Should the Italian judge of First Instance disregard inconsistent national legislation without waiting for its repeal from the Constitutional Court?In a reference to the ECJ on the question, the latter held that the national court was under a duty to give full effect to Community law even where there was a conflicting provision of national law and without waiting for a higher court to rule on the matter. Every national court must. apply Community law in its total and protect rights which the latter confers on individuals and must accordingly set aside any provision of nat ional law which may conflict with it, whether prior or subsequent to the Community rule.Simmenthal is an raise case, since it spells out the practical implications for the Community legal order of the principles of supremacy and direct effect. The facts of it highlighted a further problem for national courts what if the national court was one which had no jurisdiction in the domestic legal system to question or to set aside national legislative acts?The clear implication of the Courts response was that, even if the only national court empowered to pronounce on the constitutionality of a national law is the Constitutional Court, even, if such a case arises before any other national court, that court is bound to give immediate effect to Community law without awaiting for the ruling of the Constitutional Court. We therefore see how Community law has conferred on domestic courts indeed how it has required them to exercise powers and jurisdiction which they did not have under nationa l law.The key emphasis in these decisions is on the principle of effectiveness. This certainly became clear in the U. K. after the ruling in the well-k straightwayn Factortame litigation (1990)16, on the question of interim relief against a provision of national law which appeared to conflict with one of Community law. The facts of the case were as follows The U. K. Merchant raptus acquit 1988 operated to exclude from registration for purposes of fishing permits 95 fishing vessels owned by Spanish nationals who challenged the Act on the basis of breach of the EC Treaty (discrimination by nationality).The U. K. Court asked the ECJ for a preliminary ruling. In the meantime, interim relief was professed and then lifted on the basis that that remedy did not lie against the Crown in English law. The ECJ rule that interim relief must be available and that this obligation overrode conflicting domestic principles. The domestic court was required to set aside national law, if that would have countered the grant of interim relief giving effect to EC law. This was required to enable effective enforcement of Community law .. the full effectiveness of Community law would be just as much impaired if a rule of national law could prevent a courtgranting interim relief in order to ensure the full effectiveness ofCommunity law. According to Lord Bridge of the House of Lords17, If the supremacy within the European Community of Community law over the national law of Member States were not always inherent in the EEC Treaty, it was certainly well established in the jurisprudence of the ECJ.Thus, in so far as the Court was concerned, by 1990, the principle of supremacy of Community law and its practical effectiveness amongst Member States were established beyond question. However, the theorys practical application is ultimately dependent on the internal betrothal and adaptation of the constitutional orders of the Member States. And as AG Roemer noted in Van Gend en Loos the c onstitutional orders of some of the Member States do not easily accommodate the principle of supremacy.The accommodation so far reached by the courts of various Member States on this issue will promptly be examined. For reasons of time, only some Member States will be discussed, although every state has its own interesting constitutional perspective to offer. III. THE PRINCIPLE OF SUPREMACY IMPLEMENTATION MEMBER STATES Under Public International Law (PIL), there are 2 conceptions regarding the transfer or delegation of sovereign powers to international organisations Monism Dualism PIL+ national law ( part of one single system with PIL taking PIL + national law ( separate systems, precedence. each supreme within its own spheres. ie Dutch + French constitutions provide that duly ratified ie UK ( here you need incorporation of international obligations preside over municipal law. PIL into national law by national Act of Also, Belgian courts achieved the same result in absence of explicit fan tan in the form of a statute constitutional provision by proclaiming that international BA v. Laker and Blackburn case ( obligations have effect superior to domestic law. European Communities Act, 1972. ( directly speak of transfer powers. ( always seeking statutes to conform to EC law. In practice, there is little difference in the application of EC law.In France, there was not any particular constitutional problem since the constitution provides that international treaties have a direct effect and are accorded supremacy. In accordance, Article 55 of the French Constitution of 1958 states that Treaties or agreements duly ratified or approved shall.. have an authority superior to that of Laws. However, the Conseil d? Etat, the supreme administrative court had difficulties in evaluate the supremacy of Community law.In the case of Semoules (1970)18, the problem was expressed as a jurisdictional one The Conseil d? Etat ruled that, since it had no ju risdiction to review the validity of French legislation, it could not find such legislation to be incompatible with Community law, nor could it accord priority to the latter. Decisions on the constitutionality were matters for the Conseil Constitutionnel the Constitutional Council. However, in the Jacques Vabres19 case in 1975, the Court of Cessation Cour de Cassation the highest of the ordinary judicial Courts took a ifferent view and ruled that when a conflict exists between an internal law and a duly ratified international act which has thus entered the internal legal order (Art. 55 of the Constitution) the Constitution itself accorded priority to the latter. It was not until 1989 in Nicolo case20, however, that the Conseil d? Etat finally deserted its so-called splendid isolation and decided to adopt the same position as the Conseil Constitutionnel and the Cour de Cassation. The caution displayed by the French Conseil d?Etat in its approach to the supremacy of Community law is evident in the case law of many other Member States. The Court of Justice? s view that national law can never take precedence over directly effective EC law on account of a transfer of sovereignty by the Member States and the spirit of the EC Treaty is not unconditionally accepted by the courts of Member States. In France, the main obstacle to the recognition of supremacy of EC law was the jurisdictional limitation of the French courts.In other Member States, in particular in Germany, the difficulties which arose related to the fundamental constitutional nature of the national legislation which appeared to contravene Community law. Article 24 of the German Constitution allows for the transfer of legislative power to international organisations, but in litigation which arose over apparent conflicts between Community legislation and provisions of the German Constitution, the extent of power which would be transferred in accordance with this Article was questioned.In particular, th e focus of the case law was on whether Article 24 permitted the transfer, to an organisation outside the German constitutional structure of a power to contravene certain basic principles protect under the Constitution itself. Following the ECJ? s ruling in Internationale Handelsgesellschaft21, the German Administrative Court ruled that the compulsory scheme regarding the Community deposit system breached basic principles of German constitutional law (compulsory stipend of money cannot be imposed in the absence of fault) and it requested a ruling from the Federal Constitutional Court.The latter refused to recognise the unconditional supremacy of Community law. The major objection was a concern over the possible impact on basic rights enshrined in the German Constitution of conflicting measures of Community law. For this reason, it held that the article in the German Constitution which allowed for the transfer of legislative power to international organisations would not cover a tra nsfer of power to alter or amend an inalienable essential feature of the German constitutional structure, such as its express protection for fundamental rights.It concluded by saying that the protection for fundamental rights in the German Constitution would have to prevail in the event of any conflict. Having considered various changes in Community law since the time of the 1974 decision, including the development by the ECJ of a doctrine of protection for fundamental rights, and the fact that all Member States by this stage acceded to the European Convention of Human Rights, the German Court in Solange II (1987)22 held that So long as the European Communities, and in particular the case law of the European Court, generally ensure an effective protection of fundamental rightsthe Court will no longer exercise its jurisdiction More recently, in Brunner v. the European Union Treaty (1994) the Court had to consider the constitutional relationship between EC law and German law, on the o ccasion of the ratification of the TEU. It ruled that ratification was compatible with the Constitution.The judgment shows that the constitutional court asserts and clearly intends to exercise a power of review over the scene of Community competence. Even if the German courts have accepted that Community law should be given precedence over national law, the constitutional court has made clear that it will continue to review the actions of European institutions and agencies to ensure that they remain within the proper limits of their acquired powers. In the United Kingdom, the acceptance of the supremacy of Community law has certainly not been unproblematic.Since the British Constitution is largely unwritten, it is difficult to speak of amending it. The central obstacle to acceptance by the U. K. of supremacy of EC law is the fundamental constitutional principle of the sovereignty of Parliament. According to this principle, Parliament has the power to do anything other than to bind itself for the future. According to Dicey, Parliament has, under the English Constitution, the right to make or unmake any law whatever and no person or body. as the right to override or set aside the legislation of Parliament. Furthermore, the doctrine of implied repeal means that no Parliament can bind its successor, and no Parliament can be bound by its predecessor. Any Act is thus vulnerable to change by a future Parliament. With those problems in mind, it was nevertheless decided to give internal legal effect to Community law by means of an Act of Parliament (dualist state) the European Communities Act, 1972. Section 2(1) establishes a legal basis within domestic law for directly applicable EC laws as in accordance with the Treaties and without further legal enactment to be given legal effect or use in the U. K and shall be recognised and available in law. The section aims to make the concept of direct effect a part of the U. K. legal system. It states that law which under the EC Treaties is to be given immediate legal effect, is to be directly enforceable in the UK. Section 2(4) accords existing and future priority to EC laws. Any enactment passed or to be passed. shall be construed and shall have effect subject to the foregoing provisions of this section.Furthermore, section 3 states that For the purposes of all legal proceedings any question as to the meaning or effect of any of the Treaties, or as to the validity, meaning or effect any Community instrument, shall be treated as a question of law and, if not referred to the European Court, be for determination as such in accordance with the principles situated down by and any relevant decision of the European Court or any Court attached thereto. It is therefore apparent that the supremacy of EC law is recognised in the U. K. by virtue of domestic legal processes and legal theory.The principle of supremacy was in theory recognised by English judges. Despite earlier judicial comments to the contrary23, t he English Master of the Rolls, Lord Denning, in the case of Shields v. Coomes (Holdings) Ltd24(1979) present a willingness to accept the principle of supremacy of Community law. In Bulmer v. Bollinger (1974)25 he furthermore held that The Treaty is want an incoming ride. We must no longer speak or think of English law, as something of its own. We must speak and think of Community law, of Community rights and obligations and we must give effect to them.But again, this did not prevent judicial difficulties from arising over the practical recognition of the supremacy of EC law over national law. In Macarthys v. Smith26, a genuine conflict appeared to arise between Article 119 of the EC Treaty concerning equal yield and section 1 of the Equal Pay Act 1970 in the U. K. It was held by the Court of Appeal that priority should be given to Community law following section 2(1) and (4) of the European Communities Act, 1972. Here, then, is the judicial reconciliation of parliamentary Sovere ignty with the supremacy of EC law.But the overriding of the Act of Parliament is to be seen as a fulfillment of the Parliamentary intention the intention to comply with directly effective Community law and if it is made clear that the legislative contravention of Community law was intentional, then domestic law must prevail. In other words, the supremacy of EC law is assured in the U. K. only in so far as Parliament intends it to be, and the courts have no power to undermine the clear will of Parliament, whether or not it presents a breach of Community law27.The Factortame Litigation 28 earlier discussed, shows that, although an equilibrium may now have been reached in the relationships between U. K. courts and the ECJ as to the requirements of supremacy of EC law, the obligations of the U. K. courts stem from the express will of Parliament, and not directly from the Treaties whatsoever limitation of its sovereignty Parliament accepted when it enacted the European Communities Ac t 1972,was entirely voluntary.Thus, in conclusion we see that the bidimensional picture of the supremacy of Community law exists, even today, for although all Member States by now accept the practical requirement to give priority to EC law, few, if any, would be brisk to abandon their charge of it, to ensure that the Community does not attempt to extend the powers it has been given. Individuals The principle of supremacy has implications for individuals. The principle of direct effect gives the right to individuals to plead before the national court the provisions of EC legislation.As a doctrine which principally protects individuals and often gives them rights which they can rely upon as against Member States, it sets up a mechanism for individual or indirect enforcement of EC law making thus Community law a reality for the citizens of Europe. Van Gend en Loos provides a clear example of the approach of the Court. The Court pointed to the fact that individuals were envisaged as being able to plead and rely on points of EC law through the preliminary ruling procedure. The Court set out certain criteria for the direct effect of a Treaty provision.There must be 1. a clear, negative, unconditional obligation on a Member State, 2. containing no reservation on the part of the MS, 3. and not dependent on any national implementing measure. (MS-no real discretion whether to apply measure). The Court held that Art. 12 of the EC Treaty was directly effective. This process establishes private rights for individuals which are enforceable in municipal courts. The principle applies most frequently in the relationship between private individuals and national authorities. This is called vertical effect.Some provisions, however, because of their nature, have been recognised by the Court as having a wider effect in that they can be invoked against other individuals. This is called horizontal effect i. e. they impose obligations on other individuals. eg. the Treaty provision s regarding the competition rules applicable to undertakings, for example, can clearly be invoked before the national courts by one undertaking against another. Furthermore, a Regulation, as described in Article 189(2) EC Treaty, now 249 TEU shall have general application.It shall be binding in its entirety and directly applicable in all Member States. A Regulation is defined as a general legislative instrument which is binding in its entirety and which is directly applicable within the legal orders of the Member States without the need of intervention on the part of legislative bodies. Thus it has horizontal and vertical effect. In contrast, a Directive which is defined in Art. 249 TEU too, shall be binding, as to the result to be achieved, upon each Member State to which it is addressed, but shall impart to the national authorities the choice of form and methods.Therefore, directives are not automatically applicable within Member States. Since directives are given legal force t hrough national measures, rights and duties are conferred on individuals only after incorporation into national law. The conditions to be satisfied before direct effect can be pleaded are the 3 ones mentioned earlier. However, 2 important limitations are placed on the application of this principle a) The principle only applies to directives which are unimplemented after the date set for implementation. ) The Court has only been prepared to apply this doctrine to the relationship between individuals and the state (vertical direct effect) as opposed to the relationship amongst individuals themselves (horizontal direct effect). The recent case of Dori (1992) reiterats this refusal. 29 In Marshall (1986)30 and in Van Duyn31 (1974) the Court confirmed that while a directive might be upheld against defaulting Member States, it cannot be invoked directly against other individuals.However, the Court has sought to achieve the same result though the process of interpretation. For example, whe re the Court is interpreting the terms of an unimplemented directive as it applies between private individuals, the Court has observed that In applying national law, whether the provisions in question were adopted before or after the directive, a national court called upon to interpret it is required to do so, as far as possible, in light of the wording and purpose of the directive in order to achieve the result pursued by the latter32 Marleasing SA (1992).Furthermore, the principle of construction requires national courts, in conformity with Art. 10 TEU, to give full effect to EC law, to interpret all national legislation in the light of all relevant EC law, regardless of whether the particular provision is of direct effect EC law does not have to be directly effective in order for it to benefit from the general doctrine of supremacy Van Colson (1984)33. Furthermore, the ECJ has broadly defined the notion of the state to include anything that provides public service, with sufficie nt statutory powers beyond those which result from normal rules applicable between individuals. Foster (1991)34 Regional policy, health, tax and local authorities may be included. Furthermore, the state may be held to be responsible in respect of breaches of EC law, and probable in damages for the non-implementation of a directive, following the decision in Francovich35 (1991) which held that The full effectiveness of Community rules would be impaired and the protection of the rights which they grant would be weakened if individuals were unable to obtain compensation when their rights are infringed by a breach of Community law for which a Member State can be held responsible. . However, 3 conditions must be satisfied Implementation of the directive would confer rights on individuals. Its terms should be sufficiently precise and unconditional to determine rights. There should be a causal link between the breach and the loss.The development by the Court of strong legal requirement s in the area of national remedies for breach of Community law has generally been welcomed as a significant contribution to the effectiveness of Community law, at least through the medium of judicial intervention by national courts. However, the welcome has not been unconditional, and many commentators have called on the legislative institutions and political players in the Community legal process, to take appropriate action, rather than to leave this area of law for the Court to develop through the haphazard process of litigation.Conclusion It is clear that the ECJ the guardian of the Treaty in formulating the principle of supremacy, reaffirmed the nature and development of EC law. The supremacy of EC law is inherent within the nature and spirit of the TEU. The special and original nature of Community law requires that its supremacy over national law is acknowledged and followed. The ECJ will not entertain the prospect of any provision of national law, even of constitutional validi ty, prevailing over an inconsistent provision of Community law.The success of this development is well profound, especially when one has in mind that the Court in developing the principle, attributed to it characteristics and force which it considered necessary to take in through a set of profoundly altering and potentially far reaching common goals within a group of politically and geographically distinct nations and historically sovereign states. / 1 ex art. 5 of the EC Treaty 2 ex Art. 164 of the EC Treaty 3 ex Art. 167 EC Treaty 4 ex. Art. 166 EC Treaty 5 Their duties should not be confused with those of a prosecutor or similar official that is the role of the Commission, as guardian of t he Community? s interests. 6 ex Art. 167 EC Treaty. 7 ex Art. 165 EC Treaty. 8 Since it was set up in 1952, more than 8,600 cases have been brought before the Court. 9 Ex Art. 177 EC Treaty 10 See also case 104/79, Pasquale Foglia v. Mariella Novello (1980)1 ECR 745, (1981) CMLR 45 and brass 244/80, Pasquale Foglia v. Mariella Movello (N2) (1981) ECR 3045, (1982) CMLR 585. 11 Case 26/62 (1963) ECR 1, (1963) CMLR 105. 12 Case 6/64 (1964) ECR 585 (1964) CMLR 425. 13 now Art. 249 TEU. 14 Case 11/70 (1970) ECR 1125 (1970) CMLR 255. 15 Case 106/77 (1978) ECR 629 (1978) 3 CMLR 263 16 (No 2) Case C213/89 (1990) ECR 2433 (1990)3 CMLR 867 17 R v. secretaire of State, ex parte Factortame (No 1) (1989)2 WLR 999 18 Decision of 1 March, 1968 in Syndicat General de Fabricants de Semoules de France (1970) CMLR 395 19 Decision of 24 March 1975 in institution des Douanes v. Societe Cafes-Jacques Vabre et SARL Weigel et Cie (1975) 2 CMLR 336 20 Decision of 20 Oct. 1989 in Nicolo (1990)I CMLR 173 21 (1972) CMLR 177, at 184 22 Re Wunsche Handelsgesellschat, Decision of 22 Oct. 1986 (1987)3 CMRL 225 at 265 23 Felixstone Dock and Railway Company v. British Transport and Docks Board (1976) 2 CLR 655. 24 (1979)1 All ER 456. 25 (1974) Ch 401 26 (1979) 3 All ER 325 27 see T. Allan, Parl iamentary Sovereignty Lord Denning? s Dexterous Revolution (1983)3 6 OLS 22 28 (1990)2 AC85 and (1991)1 AC 603. 29 Dori C-91/92 Dori v. RecrebSrl (1994) ECR I 3325 30 Case 152/84 Marshall v.Southampton and South West field of force Health Authority (1986) ECR 723, (1988)1 CMLR 688 31 Case 41/74l, Van Duyn v. Home Office (1974) ECR 1337, (1975)1 CMLR 1 32 Case C-106/89, Marleasing SA v. La Comercial de Alimentacion SA (1990) ECR 1-4135 (1992)1 CMLR 305, at p. 4146 33 Case 14/83,l Von Colson and Kamann v. Land Nordrhein Westfalen (1984) ECR 1891, (1986)2 CMLR430 34 Case C-188/89, A. Foster and others v. British Gas (1990) ECR 1-3313, (1990) 2 CMLR833 35 Case C-6/90 and C-9/90, Francovich v. Italy (1991) ECR 1 5357, (1993)2